• 分类模型效果评估


    分类模型效果评估

    评估标准:

    • Accuracy
    • Precision
    • Recal
    • F Score
    • ROC curve

    以鸢尾花数据集为例子,我们用PCA(主成分回归法)(重点展示效果评估这一块,所以暂时只用这一方法选择特征)绛维,然后进行建模,最后对模型的效果进行评估。

    import pandas as pd
    import numpy as np
    from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
    iris = pd.read_csv(r"G:Iris_copy.csv")
    iris.sample(4)
    
    Id SepalLengthCm SepalWidthCm PetalLengthCm PetalWidthCm Species
    48 49 5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2 0
    75 76 6.6 3.0 4.4 1.4 1
    128 129 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1 2
    84 85 5.4 3.0 4.5 1.5 1
    del iris["Id"]
    iris.sample(3)
    
    SepalLengthCm SepalWidthCm PetalLengthCm PetalWidthCm Species
    114 5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4 2
    92 5.8 2.6 4.0 1.2 1
    77 6.7 3.0 5.0 1.7 1
    data = iris.iloc[:,:4]
    data.head(3)
    
    SepalLengthCm SepalWidthCm PetalLengthCm PetalWidthCm
    0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2
    1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
    2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2
    pca = PCA()   #先保留所有成分
    pca.fit(data)
    print(pca.explained_variance_)
    print("各个成分的方差百分比(贡献率):", pca.explained_variance_ratio_)
    
    [ 4.22484077  0.24224357  0.07852391  0.02368303]
    各个成分的方差百分比(贡献率): [ 0.92461621  0.05301557  0.01718514  0.00518309]
    

    当选取前两个主成分时,累计贡献率已达97.76%。接下来保留两个主成分。

    pca = PCA(2)  
    pca.fit(data)
    new_data = pca.transform(data)   #转换原始数据
    new_data = pd.DataFrame(new_data)
    Species = pd.DataFrame(iris.Species)
    new_iris = pd.concat([new_data, Species], axis=1)    #拼接数据
    print(new_iris.head())
    
              0         1  Species
    0 -2.684207  0.326607        0
    1 -2.715391 -0.169557        0
    2 -2.889820 -0.137346        0
    3 -2.746437 -0.311124        0
    4 -2.728593  0.333925        0
    

    下面用逻辑回归来进行建模

    from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression as LR
    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
    x = new_iris.iloc[:,:2]
    y = new_iris.iloc[:,-1]
    x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x,y,test_size=0.3)
    lr = LR()
    lr.fit(x_train,y_train)
    y_pred = lr.predict(x_test)
    

    接下来介绍几种模型效果的评测标准

    1.混淆矩阵

    Actual = [1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1]
    Model = [0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0]
    from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
    a = confusion_matrix(Actual, Model)
    b = pd.DataFrame(a,columns=["0","1"],index=["0","1"])
    b.index.name = "实际"
    b.columns.name = "模型"
    b
    
    模型 0 1
    实际
    0 2 3
    1 4 1

    二分类中
    TP,预测是正样本实际是正样本,预测正确
    FP,预测是正样本实际是负样本,预测错误
    FN,预测是负样本实际是正样本,预测错误
    TN,预测是负样本实际是负样本,预测正确

    from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
    confusion_matrix(y_test,y_pred)
    
    array([[16,  0,  0],
           [ 0, 11,  5],
           [ 0,  0, 13]], dtype=int64)
    

    2.Accuracy (准确率)

    Accuracy = (TP+TF)/(TP+FP+FN+TN)
    Accuracy是对分类器整体上的正确率的评价,而Precision是分类器预测为某一个类别的正确率的评价。
    Accuracy要在样本均衡时使用才有效 ,不然再高也不能代表该模型好。
    例:我买了100000个玩具,其中100个是Bubblebee,其余的是海绵宝宝,现在我想把
    Bubblebee全部放在客厅。我让一个小朋友帮我忙,那即使他把这100000个玩具都判定为海绵宝宝,那他的判断能力
    Accuracy = (TP+TF)/(TP+FP+FN+TN)
    =(0+99900)/100000
    = 99.9%
    这么高的Accuracy却依然没有真实反映这个小朋友的判断能力。Consequently,在实际应用中,若样本不均衡,不能仅以Accuracy为模型的评判标准。
    要加以考虑下面的评判标准。

    3.Precision (精准率)

    Precision = TP/(TP+FP)
    在所有预测为正的样本中,实际为正的样本比例 (猜对率)

    4.Recall (召回率)

    Recall = TP/(TP+FN)
    在所有实际为正的样本中,预测为正的比例 (猜全率)

    **5.F1-score **

    精确率和召回率是相互制约的,一般精确率低的召回率高,精确率搞得召回率低。所以出现了f1 score,它是 Precision 和 Recall 的调和平均数。
    F1-score = 2 / [(1 / precision) + (1 / recall)]
    Fscore里的一个检验值

    6.Roc/Auc (仅针对二分类变量)

    ROC 是针对不同阈值,根据对应的fpr、tpr生成ROC图,曲线下方的面积就是AUC(类似散点图跟相关系数的关系,一者以图的形式给你直观感受,一者以精确的尺度衡量大小)
    横坐标fpr (tpr是模型在正样本上的预测准确率)
    纵坐标tpr(fpr是模型在负样本上的预测准确率)

    fpr, tpr, thresholds = metrics.roc_curve(y_test,y_pred)
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    plt.plot(fpr, tpr)
    auc_value = auc(fpr,tpr) #计算auc值
    官网参考:https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.roc_curve.html

    sklearn.metrics.roc_curve(y_true, y_score, pos_label=None, sample_weight=None, drop_intermediate=True)[source]¶
    仅针对二分类变量
    """"""

    Parameters:

    y_true : array, shape = [n_samples]
    实际的二分类标签. 如果标签不是 {-1, 1} 或者 {0, 1}, 那么pos_label应该被指定,表示哪个是正标签,剩下的那个就是负标签。
    y_score : array, shape = [n_samples]
    Target scores, 也可以是正类标签的估计概率, confidence values, or non-thresholded measure of decisions (as returned by “decision_function” on some classifiers).

    pos_label : int or str, default=None
    Label considered as positive and others are considered negative.

    sample_weight : array-like of shape = [n_samples], optional
    Sample weights.

    drop_intermediate : boolean, optional (default=True)
    Whether to drop some suboptimal thresholds which would not appear on a plotted ROC curve. This is useful in order to create lighter ROC curves.

    New in version 0.17: parameter drop_intermediate.

    Returns:
    fpr : array, shape = [>2]
    Increasing false positive rates such that element i is the false positive rate of predictions with score >= thresholds[i].

    tpr : array, shape = [>2]
    Increasing true positive rates such that element i is the true positive rate of predictions with score >= thresholds[i].

    thresholds : array, shape = [n_thresholds]
    Decreasing thresholds on the decision function used to compute fpr and tpr. thresholds[0] represents no instances being predicted and is arbitrarily set to max(y_score) + 1.
    """"""
    #后面再翻译

    And then,实践:

    from sklearn import metrics
    print("Accuracy:",metrics.accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred))
    print("Precision:",metrics.precision_score(y_test, y_pred, average='micro'))
    print("Recall:",metrics.recall_score(y_test, y_pred, average='micro'))
    print("f1-score:",metrics.f1_score(y_test, y_pred, average='micro'))
    
    Accuracy: 0.888888888889
    Precision: 0.888888888889
    Recall: 0.888888888889
    f1-score: 0.888888888889
    

    classification_report直接把上面的指标综合成一份报告输出:

    from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
    print(classification_report(y_test,y_pred))
    
                 precision    recall  f1-score   support
    
              0       1.00      1.00      1.00        16
              1       1.00      0.69      0.81        16
              2       0.72      1.00      0.84        13
    
    avg / total       0.92      0.89      0.89        45
    

    roc、AUC例子:(用random生成随机数,所以效果较差)

    import numpy as np
    import random
    from sklearn import metrics
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    %matplotlib inline
    y_true = np.random.randint(1,3,size=100)
    y_score = [np.random.random() for i in range(100)]
    fpr, tpr, thresholds = metrics.roc_curve(y_true, y_score, pos_label=2)
    auc_value = metrics.auc(fpr,tpr)
    plt.plot(fpr, tpr, color="red", label="Roc Curve(area = %0.2f)" % auc_value)
    print("Auc:",auc_value)   #计算auc
    plt.plot((0,1),(0,1), color="blue", linewidth=2, linestyle='--')
    plt.legend(loc="best")
    plt.title("Roc Curve")
    plt.xlabel("Tpr")
    plt.ylabel("Fpr")
    
    Auc: 0.548076923077
    <matplotlib.text.Text at 0xe2a97f390>
    

    png

    一般而言,Auc值处于0.5-1之间,曲线越靠近左上角越好,那么面积将越接近于1,效果越好。下图展现较好效果:


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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wyy1480/p/10228838.html
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