实验4 类的继承、派生和多态(1)

实验目的

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1. 理解类的继承和派生机制

2. 掌握派生类的定义和使用

3. 理解和掌握派生类成员的标识和访问中同名覆盖原则、二元作用域分辨符和虚基类的用法

4. 掌握派生类构造函数和析构函数的定义及调用次序

5. 理解运算符重载的目的，掌握运算符重载函数的编写方法

实验准备

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1. 类的继承和派生

引入继承和派生机制的目的

基本概念：继承、派生、基类、直接基类、间接基类 、派生类

语法 派生类定义的语法格式（单重继承和多重继承）

派生类构造函数及其初始化列表书写形式 派生类成员的标识与访问 同名覆盖指的是什么？

二元作用域分辨符在什么情况下使用？ 什么是虚基类？引入虚基类的目的是什么？如何使用？

类的继承和派生 vs. 类的组合  

2. 运算符重载

运算符重载的目的

运算符重载的规则和限制

运算符重载函数的语法格式

运算符重载时，重载为成员函数，还是非成员函数（友元、普通函数），需要综合考量哪些因素？

实验结论

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1.ElectricCar类

//重载<<时多打了","，已改正

#ifndef BATTERY_H
#define BATTERY_H
class Battery {
public:
    Battery(int nb = 70);
    int showbatterysize();
    void change(int n);
private:
    int batterysize;
};
#endif

#include"battery.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//构造函数
Battery::Battery(int nb/*=70*/) :batterysize(nb) {}
//返回电池容量
int Battery::showbatterysize() {
    return batterysize;
}
void Battery::change(int n) {
    batterysize = n;
}

#ifndef CAR_H
#define CAR_H
#include<string>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Car {
private:
    string maker;
    string model;
    int year;
    long odometer;
public:
    Car(string n1 = "unknown", string n2 = "unknown", int n3 = 2000,long n4=0);
    void flashodo(long a);
    friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &out, const Car &c);
};
#endif

#include"car.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
Car::Car(string n1/*="unknown"*/, string n2/*="unknown"*/, int n3/*=2000*/, long n4/*=0*/) :maker(n1), model(n2), year(n3), odometer(n4) {}
void Car::flashodo(long no) {
    if (no < odometer)
        cout << "WARNING!" << endl;
    else
        odometer = no;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream &out, const Car &c) {
    out << "(" << "maker:" << "," << c.maker << "," << endl << "," << "model:" << "," << c.model << "," << endl << "," << "year:" << "," << c.year << "," << endl << "," << "odometer:" << "," << c.odometer << ")";
    return out;
}

#ifndef ELECTRICCAR_H
#define ELECTRICCAR_H
#include<string>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include"car.h"
#include"battery.h"
class ElectricCar :public Car {
public:

    ElectricCar(string n1 = "unknown", string n2 = "unknown", int n3 = 2000, long n4 = 0, int nb = 70);
    friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &out, const ElectricCar &c);
private:
    Battery battery;
};
#endif

#include<string>
#include<string>
#include<iostream>
#include"car.h"
#include"battery.h"
#include"electricCar.h"
using namespace std;
ElectricCar::ElectricCar(string n1/*="unknown"*/, string n2/*="unknown"*/, int n3/*=2000*/, long n4/*=0*/, int nb/*=70*/) :Car(n1, n2, n3, n4) {
    battery.change(nb);
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream &out, const ElectricCar &c) {
    Battery a = c.battery;
    out << "("<< (Car)c <<"," << endl << "," << "batterysize:" << "," << a.showbatterysize() << ")";
    return out;
}

#include<string>
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
using namespace std;
#include "car.h"
#include "electricCar.h"
int main() {
    // 测试Car类 
    Car oldcar("Audi", "a4", 2016);
    cout << "--------oldcar's info--------" << endl;
    oldcar.flashodo(25000);
    cout << oldcar << endl;
    // 测试ElectricCar类
    ElectricCar newcar("Tesla", "model s", 2016);
    newcar.flashodo(2500);
    cout << "
--------newcar's info--------
";
    cout << newcar << endl;
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

 运行截图：

2.arrayint类

#ifndef ARRAY_INT_H
#define ARRAY_INT_H

class ArrayInt{
    public:
        ArrayInt(int n, int value=0);
        ~ArrayInt();
        int &operator[](int a);
        void print(); 
    private:
        int *p;
        int size;
};

#endif

#include "arrayInt.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

ArrayInt::ArrayInt(int n, int value): size(n) {
    p = new int[size];
    
    if (p == nullptr) {
        cout << "fail to mallocate memory" << endl;
        exit(0); 
    } 
    
    for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
        p[i] = value;
}

ArrayInt::~ArrayInt() {
    delete[] p;
}

void ArrayInt::print() {
    for(int i=0; i<size; i++)
        cout << p[i] << " ";
    cout << endl;
}
int &ArrayInt::operator[](int a)
{
    return p[a];
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#include "arrayInt.h"

int main() {
    // 定义动态整型数组对象a，包含2个元素，初始值为0
    ArrayInt a(2);
    a.print();
    
    // 定义动态整型数组对象b，包含3个元素，初始值为6
    ArrayInt b(3, 6);
    b.print();

    // 通过对象名和下标方式访问并修改对象元素
    b[0] = 2;
    cout << b[0] << endl;
    b.print();

    system("pause");

    return 0;
}

运行截图：

 实验结论

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1.在写EletricCar类时，出现了无法重载Car类的bug,后来重写了一遍Car类就解决了问题，不知道有大佬可以解释一下吗？

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