• Nginx + Keepalived实现应用高可用负载均衡功能


    说明:此处仅介绍 Keepalived 实现nginx负载均衡器的高可用,关于nginx介绍和负载均衡实现可查看我的另两篇博文 Nginx负载均衡 和 Nginx配置了解

    应用背景:实现高可用,避免单点故障

    技术实现:使用2台虚拟机通过Keepalived工具来实现 nginx 的高可用(High Avaiability),达到一台nginx入口服务器宕机,另一台备机自动接管服务的效果。(nginx做反向代理,实现后端应用服务器的负载均衡)

    环境准备

      192.168.182.130:nginx + keepalived   master

      192.168.182.133:nginx + keepalived   backup

      192.168.182.131:tomcat

      192.168.182.132:tomcat

      虚拟ip(VIP):192.168.182.100,对外提供服务的ip,也可称作浮动ip

      各个组件之间的关系图如下:

    Nginx负载均衡的基础上再配置一台nginx服务器用于负载均衡器,也就是此处的192.168.182.133服务器。

    安装Keepalived 

    在两台nginx服务器分别安装keepalived,步骤如下:

    keepalived源码包下载地址:http://www.keepalived.org/download.html

    keepalived安装:
    1、下载最新版源码包keepalived-1.4.0.tar.gz;
    2、用Xftp将keepalived-1.4.0.tar.gz上传至linux/root目录;
    3、解压keepalived-1.4.0.tar.gz得到keepalived-1.4.0,并进入keepalived-1.4.0目录;
    tar -zvxf keepalived-1.4.0.tar.gz
    cd keepalived-1.4.0

    4、查看安装环境是否适合,并指定安装目录;

    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived

    5、系统出现警告:*** WARNING - this build will not support IPVS with IPv6. Please install libnl/libnl-3 dev libraries to support IPv6 with IPVS.

    yum -y install libnl libnl-devel

    6、 安装完以后重新查看安装环境是否适合,并指定安装目录

    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived

    7、出现错误: configure: error: libnfnetlink headers missing

    yum install -y libnfnetlink-devel

    8、安装完以后重新查看安装环境是否适合,并指定安装目录

    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived

    9、显示环境符合,可进行keepalived安装

    make && make install

    10、进入指定安装目录可看到如下目录结构:

    11、把keepalived配置到系统服务

    mkdir /etc/keepalived/
    cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf  /etc/keepalived/
    cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/init/keepalived.conf        /etc/init.d/keepalived
    cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived        /etc/sysconfig/

    12、自定义编辑keepalived执行脚本

    vi /etc/init.d/keepalived

      keepalived脚本文件如下:

    #!/bin/sh
    #
    # keepalived   High Availability monitor built upon LVS and VRRP
    #
    # chkconfig:   - 86 14
    # description: Robust keepalive facility to the Linux Virtual Server project 
    #              with multilayer TCP/IP stack checks.
    
    ### BEGIN INIT INFO
    # Provides: keepalived
    # Required-Start: $local_fs $network $named $syslog
    # Required-Stop: $local_fs $network $named $syslog
    # Should-Start: smtpdaemon httpd
    # Should-Stop: smtpdaemon httpd
    # Default-Start:
    # Default-Stop: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
    # Short-Description: High Availability monitor built upon LVS and VRRP
    # Description:       Robust keepalive facility to the Linux Virtual Server
    #                    project with multilayer TCP/IP stack checks.
    ### END INIT INFO
    
    # Source function library.
    . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
    
    exec="/usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived"
    prog="keepalived"
    config="/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf"
    
    [ -e /etc/sysconfig/$prog ] && . /etc/sysconfig/$prog
    
    lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/keepalived
    
    start() {
        [ -x $exec ] || exit 5
        [ -e $config ] || exit 6
        echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
        daemon $exec $KEEPALIVED_OPTIONS
        retval=$?
        echo
        [ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lock-file
        return $retval
    }
    
    stop() {
        echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
        killproc $prog
        retval=$?
        echo
        [ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
        return $retval
    }
    
    restart() {
        stop
        start
    }
    
    reload() {
        echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
        killproc $prog -1
        retval=$?
        echo
        return $retval
    }
    
    force_reload() {
        restart
    }
    
    rh_status() {
        status $prog
    }
    
    rh_status_q() {
        rh_status &>/dev/null
    }
    
    
    case "$1" in
        start)
            rh_status_q && exit 0
            $1
            ;;
        stop)
            rh_status_q || exit 0
            $1
            ;;
        restart)
            $1
            ;;
        reload)
            rh_status_q || exit 7
            $1
            ;;
        force-reload)
            force_reload
            ;;
        status)
            rh_status
            ;;
        condrestart|try-restart)
            rh_status_q || exit 0
            restart
            ;;
        *)
            echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload}"
            exit 2
    esac
    exit $?
    注意:
     修改以上脚本两个地方:
    • exec="/usr/sbin/keepalived" 修改成keepalived执行程序的路径。
    • config="/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf" 修改成keepalived核心配置文件的路径。

    13、由于/etc/init.d/keepalived权限不够(白色字体),授权

    chmod 755 /etc/init.d/keepalived

    14、将keepalived添加到开机自启

    vi /etc/rc.local

      在编辑区将keepalived执行程序的路径添加到最后一行,如下:

    注意:由于/etc/rc.local权限不够,需授权

    chmod 755 /etc/rc.local

    15、keepalived到此安装完成!

    配置两台nginx服务器的keepalived,实现两台nginx负载均衡器高可用

    1、先配置nginx-master,也就是192.168.182.130这台服务器

    vi  /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf

    keepalived.conf

    global_defs {
       router_id 30   # 设置nginx-master服务器的ID,这个值在整个keepalived高可用架构中是唯一的,此处用IP末尾数标识 
    }
    
    vrrp_script check_nginx {
        script "/etc/keepalived/check_nginx.sh"    # 配置keepalived监控nginx负载均衡服务器状态的脚本,看nginx是否挂掉等情况,然后做相应处理
        interval 5         # 检测脚本执行的时间间隔,单位是秒
    }
    
    vrrp_instance VI_1 {
        state MASTER                    # 指定keepalived的角色,MASTER为主,BACKUP为辅
        interface eth0          # 指定当前进行VRRP通讯的接口卡(此处是centos的网卡)
        virtual_router_id 51        # 虚拟路由编号,主从要一致,以表明主从服务器属于同一VRRP通讯协议小组
        mcast_src_ip 192.168.182.130    #  本机IP地址
        priority 100            # 优先级,数值越大,处理请求的优先级越高
        advert_int 1            # 检查间隔,默认1s(vrrp组播周期秒数)
        authentication {
            auth_type PASS
            auth_pass 1111
        }
        track_script {          #  调用检测脚本
            check_nginx
        }
        virtual_ipaddress {        # 定义虚拟IP(VIP),可设置多个,每行一个,两个节点设置的虚拟IP必须一致
            192.168.182.100
        }
    }

     2、将keepalived.conf配置中的监控脚本check_nginx.sh,放在配置中书写的路径下

    #!/bin/bash
    counter=$(ps -C nginx --no-heading|wc -l)
    if [ "${counter}" = "0" ]; then
        /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
        sleep 2
        counter=$(ps -C nginx --no-heading|wc -l)
        if [ "${counter}" = "0" ]; then
            /etc/init.d/keepalived stop
        fi
    fi

    3、端口调整

    因为nginx服务器配置中显示,nginx默认监控端口80,所以为了80端口为我所用,先将nginx配置中默认的80端口修改为8888(只要不被占用即可),然后,在我们配置的server模块中,监听80端口,主机名改为localhost,这样,我们访问虚拟IP192.168.182.100(以为是80端口,所以不需要带端口号)时,才能映射到nginx服务器IP192.168.182.130,然后,nginx再去进行请求转发给两台tomcat真实服务器192.168.182.131和192.168.182.132中的一台

    nginx-master配置nginx.conf修改为:

    #user  nobody;
    worker_processes  1;
    
    #error_log  logs/error.log;
    #error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
    #error_log  logs/error.log  info;
    
    #pid        logs/nginx.pid;
    
    
    events {
        worker_connections  1024;
    }
    
    
    http {
        include       mime.types;
        default_type  application/octet-stream;
    
        #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
        #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
        #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    
        #access_log  logs/access.log  main;
    
        sendfile        on;
        #tcp_nopush     on;
    
        #keepalive_timeout  0;
        keepalive_timeout  65;
    
        #gzip  on;
        upstream serverCluster{
            server 192.168.182.131:8080 weight=1;
            server 192.168.182.132:8080 weight=1;
        }
        server {
           listen       8888;   # 此处默认80修改为8888
           server_name  localhost;
    
            #charset koi8-r;
    
            #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
    
           location / {
               root   html;
               index  index.html index.htm;
           }
    
            #error_page  404              /404.html;
    
            # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
            #
            error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
                root   html;
            }
    
            # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
            #
            #location ~ .php$ {
            #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
            #}
    
            # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
            #
            #location ~ .php$ {
            #    root           html;
            #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
            #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
            #    include        fastcgi_params;
            #}
    
            # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
            # concurs with nginx's one
            #
            #location ~ /.ht {
            #    deny  all;
            #}
        }
    
    
        # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
        #
        #server {
        #    listen       8000;
        #    listen       somename:8080;
        #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;
    
        #    location / {
        #        root   html;
        #        index  index.html index.htm;
        #    }
        #}
    
        server{
            listen 80;
            server_name localhost;
    
            location / { 
                proxy_set_header Host $host;  
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;  
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;  
                proxy_pass http://serverCluster;  
                expires 3d;
            }
        }
        # HTTPS server
        #
        #server {
        #    listen       443 ssl;
        #    server_name  localhost;
    
        #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
        #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;
    
        #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
        #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;
    
        #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
        #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;
    
        #    location / {
        #        root   html;
        #        index  index.html index.htm;
        #    }
        #}
    
    }

    4、端口调整结束后,重启keepalived,查看keepalived配置是否起作用

    出现上图中eth0(我们配置的VRRP通信网卡就是eth0)红色标记中的内容,则表示虚拟IP成功映射真实服务器IP,keepalived配置成功!

    5、同上1-4操作对nginx-slave,也就是IP为192.168.182.133的nginx负载均衡器从属进行配置

    实验:

    此处浏览器演示过程不再介绍,只把结论和演示过程中需要注意的地方进行陈述:

    结论:

    1、多次访问虚拟IP192.168.182.100,浏览器会轮流展示两台tomcat的页面,说明keepalived将虚拟IP映射到了nginx服务真实IP,并且nginx对请求进行了负载均衡。

    2、将nginx-master手动停止nginx服务,几秒过后,再去检查nginx运行状态,会发现,nginx正在运行中,这说明,keepalived的配置中的监控nginx脚本文件成功运行。

    3、将nginx-master手动停止keepalived服务,会发现,虚拟IP被转移到nginx-slave服务器,并且和nginx-slave真实IP进行映射,此时,用户继续访问虚拟IP192.168.182.100,并不会感知发生什么变化,但是真实情况是,nginx-master这台机器已经不再工作,担任系统负载均衡的变成了nginx-slave;如果你再把nginx-master的keepalived服务手动开启,则情况会初始化为原先的状态,即:nginx-master继续担任系统负载均衡角色,而nginx-slave则重新闲置,这种情况说明keepalived实现了nginx的高可用(HA)。

    注意:

    1、在实验测试过程中,有可能因为浏览器缓存的缘故导致结果出乎意料,所以在每次测试前,先清一下缓存

    2、请求走向:访问虚拟IP(VIP),keepalived将请求映射到本地nginx,nginx将请求转发至tomcat,例如:http://192.168.182.100,被映射成http://192.168.182.130,端口是80,而130上nginx的端口正好是80;映射到nginx上后,nginx再进行请求的转发。

    3、VIP总会在keepalived服务器中的某一台上,也只会在其中的某一台上;VIP绑定的服务器上的nginx就是master,当VIP所在的服务器宕机了,keepalived会将VIP转移到backup上,并将backup提升为master。

    4、VIP也称浮动ip,是公网ip,与域名进行映射,对外提供服务; 其他ip一般而言都是内网ip, 外部是直接访问不了的

  • 相关阅读:
    系统进程
    Javascript中的常用事件
    进程信息库网址
    C#中使用临时存储过程
    Transactsql 中的 rollup 和cube的使用
    如何使用fckeditor在线编辑器(asp)
    微软将 jQuery IntelliSense整合到Visual Studio
    no such file to load openssl Anny
    Ubuntu 防火墙 ufw Anny
    Install Apache 2 from Source on Linux(转) Anny
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wly1-6/p/10421426.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知