相比Windows，在Linux安装Oracle的步骤可能略显繁琐，同时Oracle提供了静默安装方法在不适用图形界面的情况下进行安装，我们本次使用静默安装。为了避免以后忘记，因此我将本次安装过程记录，当日后需要的时候，可以再次回顾。
本人环境：CentOS 7.6 64位
安装版本：Oracle 11.2.0
准备安装包
关于 Oracle 11g 的安装包，我们可以直接到官网上下载。
下载链接：https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oracle-database-software-downloads.html
下载完成之后，我们需要将安装包上传到Linux服务器上，Oracle 11g的安装包比较大，因此我借助了 WinSCP 文件传输软件来完成上传，最终，Linux服务器上得到的安装包如下。
接着，将安装包依次解压，命令如下：
unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
解压完成，会得到一个database的文件夹。
安装依赖包
在这里，需要安装一些依赖包，命令如下：
# 注意下面是一行命令
yum -y install binutils compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel expat gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make pdksh sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel
安装之后，需要检查下依赖包是否安装完整，过滤出未安装完整的依赖，命令如下：
# 注意下面是一行命令
rpm -q binutils compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel expat gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make pdksh sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel | grep "not installed"
如果发现有未安装的，可以通过 yum 安装，或者通过 wget 命令下载rpm包，再手动安装。
[root@VM_0_8_centos database]# rpm -q binutils compat-libstdc++-33 elfutils-libelf elfutils-libelf-devel expat gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-common glibc-devel glibc-headers libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel make pdksh sysstat unixODBC unixODBC-devel | grep "not installed"
package pdksh is not installed
[root@VM_0_8_centos database]#
如上，发现 pdksh 没有安装，通过 yum 安装。
[root@VM_0_8_centos database]# yum -y install pdksh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
No package pdksh available.
Error: Nothing to do
[root@VM_0_8_centos database]#
可以看到没有相关安装包可用，那么只能通过 wget 命令直接下载rpm包后手动安装，命令如下：
mkdir /software/temp
# 注意下面是一行命令
wget -O /software/temp/pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm http://vault.centos.org/5.11/os/x86_64/CentOS/pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm
下载完成，进入刚创建的临时目录 /software/temp ，通过命令 rpm -ivh 进行手动安装。
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# cd /software/temp
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# ls
pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# rpm -ivh pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm
warning: pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID e8562897: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:pdksh-5.2.14-37.el5_8.1 ################################# [100%]
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]#
再次检查下依赖包是否完整，确保所需依赖包都已安装。
创建Oracle用户及安装目录
- 创建和查看用户
# 创建用户
groupadd oinstall
groupadd dba
groupadd asmdba
useradd -g oinstall -G dba,asmdba oracle -d /home/oracle
# 查看用户
id oracle
- 设置Oracle账户密码
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# passwd oracle
Changing password for user oracle.
New password:
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]#
- 设置安装目录
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# mkdir -p /software/app/oracle
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# chown oracle:oinstall /software/app/oracle
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# chmod -R 775 /software
[root@VM_0_8_centos software]# chown oracle:oinstall -R /software
修改系统文件参数配置
- 配置hostname
可以将服务器名写入到hosts文件，这样以后就可以通过服务器名来进行连接。
vi /etc/hosts
在文件末加入 127.0.0.1 oracledb localhost localhost.localdomain，最后保存退出。
测试是否配置成功，则执行命令：ping -c 3 oracledb
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]# ping -c 3 oracledb
PING oracledb (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from VM_0_8_centos (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.018 ms
64 bytes from VM_0_8_centos (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms
64 bytes from VM_0_8_centos (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.020 ms
--- oracledb ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.018/0.019/0.021/0.005 ms
[root@VM_0_8_centos temp]#
- 修改内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
将 kernel.shmmax 与 kernel.shmall 注释掉，然后在文件末追加新配置内容。以下是从网上收集到的一些配置，需根据自己服务器内存选择追加的内容，仅供参考。
# 主机是4G内存选用
kernel.shmmax = 4294967296
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 6815744
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_max=4194304
net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_max=1048576
fs.aio-max-nr=1048576
# 主机是32G内存选用
kernel.shmmax = 17179869184
kernel.shmall = 17179869184
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 6815744
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_max=4194304
net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_max=1048576
fs.aio-max-nr=1048576
# 主机是64G内存选用
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
kernel.shmall = 68719476736
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 6815744
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default=262144
net.core.rmem_max=4194304
net.core.wmem_default=262144
net.core.wmem_max=1048576
fs.aio-max-nr=1048576
修改参数之后，我们需要让参数生效，执行命令：sysctl -p。
- 检查selinux，确保SELINUX=disabled
cat /etc/selinux/config
- 修改资源使用配置文件
vi /etc/security/limits.conf
在文件末追加以下内容：
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536
- 修改用户登录认证
vi /etc/pam.d/login
在文件末追加以下内容：
session required /lib64/security/pam_limits.so
session required pam_limits.so
vi /etc/profile
在文件末追加以下内容：
if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
ulimit -p 16384
ulimit -n 65536
else
ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
fi
fi
为了让上面修改的环境变量立即生效，执行命令：source /etc/profile。
设置oracle用户环境变量
- 切换到oracle用户
su - oracle
- 修改用户的环境变量
vi .bash_profile
在文件末追加以下内容：
umask 022
export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=oracledb
export ORACLE_BASE=/software/app/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export TNS_ADMIN=$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
# export NLS_LANG="SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK"
export NLS_LANG="AMERICAN_CHINA.ZHS16GBK"
OK，到这里我们的准备工作已经差不多，接下来就是静默安装配置和正式安装了，我们最好重启下服务器，执行命令：reboot。
静默安装Oracle
- 修改响应文件db_install.rsp
进入 /software/database （之前解压生成的目录），需要修改一下响应文件：vi /software/database/response/db_install.rsp，参考了网上文章，需要修改的内容如下：
# 选择安装类型：1.只装数据库软件 2.安装数据库软件并建库 3.升级数据库
oracle.install.option=INSTALL_DB_SWONLY
# 指定操作系统主机名，通过hostname命令获得
ORACLE_HOSTNAME=oracledb
# 指定oracle inventory目录的所有者，通常会是oinstall或者dba
UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall
# 指定产品清单oracle inventory目录的路径
INVENTORY_LOCATION=/software/app/oracle/inventory
# 指定数据库语言，可以选择多个，用逗号隔开
SELECTED_LANGUAGES=en,zh_CN
# 设置ORALCE_HOME的路径
ORACLE_HOME=/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
# 设置ORALCE_BASE的路径
ORACLE_BASE=/software/app/oracle
# 选择Oracle安装数据库软件的版本
oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=EE
# 是否自定义安装
oracle.install.db.isCustomInstall=false
# 指定拥有OSDBA、OSOPER权限的用户组，通常会是dba组
oracle.install.db.DBA_GROUP=dba
oracle.install.db.OPER_GROUP=dba
# 选择数据库的用途，一般用途/事物处理，数据仓库
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=GENERAL_PURPOSE
# 指定SID
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=orcl
# 选择字符集，我这里选择有ZHS16GBK简体中文库
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.characterSet=ZHS16GBK
# 是否设置安全更新，这里一定要设置为true
DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=true
下面就是正式安装了，切换到oracle用户，命令：su - oracle，进入 /software/database 文件夹目录，执行以下命令，开始安装。
# 注意下面是一行命令
./runInstaller -silent -ignorePrereq -responseFile /software/database/response/db_install.rsp
在安装过程中，界面会提示告诉我们，可以到具体的日志路径下查看安装日志，使用 tail -f 实时监控日志即可。
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ ./runInstaller -silent -ignorePrereq -responseFile /software/database/response/db_install.rsp
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...
Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB. Actual 87303 MB Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB. Actual 2047 MB Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2020-04-11_03-59-06PM. Please wait ...[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ [WARNING] [INS-32055] The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
CAUSE: The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
ACTION: Oracle recommends placing this Central Inventory in a location outside the Oracle base directory.
[WARNING] [INS-32055] The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
CAUSE: The Central Inventory is located in the Oracle base.
ACTION: Oracle recommends placing this Central Inventory in a location outside the Oracle base directory.
You can find the log of this install session at:
/software/app/oracle/inventory/logs/installActions2020-04-11_03-59-06PM.log
The following configuration scripts need to be executed as the "root" user.
#!/bin/sh
#Root scripts to run
/software/app/oracle/inventory/orainstRoot.sh
/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh
To execute the configuration scripts:
1. Open a terminal window
2. Log in as "root"
3. Run the scripts
4. Return to this window and hit "Enter" key to continue
Successfully Setup Software.
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$
当在界面看到提示 Successfully Setup Software，则说明安装完成，同时根据提示，还需要新开一个窗口使用root用户登陆并执行以下命令：
/software/app/oracle/inventory/orainstRoot.sh
/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/root.sh
最后，按回车键完成Oracle安装。
静默配置监听
切换到oracle用户，命令：su - oracle，进入 /software/database 文件夹目录，执行命令：netca /silent /responsefile /software/database/response/netca.rsp，开始配置监听。
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ netca /silent /responsefile /software/database/response/netca.rsp
Parsing command line arguments:
Parameter "silent" = true
Parameter "responsefile" = /software/database/response/netca.rsp
Done parsing command line arguments.
Oracle Net Services Configuration:
Profile configuration complete.
Oracle Net Listener Startup:
Running Listener Control:
/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/lsnrctl start LISTENER
Listener Control complete.
Listener started successfully.
Listener configuration complete.
Oracle Net Services configuration successful. The exit code is 0
静默创建数据库
- 修改文件dbca.rsp
vi /software/database/response/dbca.rsp
根据自己需要修改，比如这样：
GDBNAME = "orcl"
SID = "orcl"
SYSPASSWORD = "oracle"
SYSTEMPASSWORD = "oracle"
SYSMANPASSWORD = "oracle"
DBSNMPPASSWORD = "oracle"
DATAFILEDESTINATION =/software/app/oracle/oradata
RECOVERYAREADESTINATION=/software/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area
# 根据实际情况设置字符集
CHARACTERSET = "ZHS16GBK"
- 静默创建数据库
切换到oracle用户，命令：su - oracle，进入 /software/database 文件夹目录，执行命令：dbca -silent -responseFile /software/database/response/dbca.rsp，开始创建数据库。
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$ dbca -silent -responseFile /software/database/response/dbca.rsp
Copying database files
1% complete
3% complete
11% complete
18% complete
26% complete
37% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
40% complete
45% complete
50% complete
55% complete
56% complete
60% complete
62% complete
Completing Database Creation
66% complete
70% complete
73% complete
85% complete
96% complete
100% complete
Look at the log file "/software/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl/orcl.log" for further details.
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos database]$
我们可以使用Oracle用户，通过命令 lsnrctl status 查看监听状态。
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ lsnrctl status
LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-APR-2020 17:20:16
Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias LISTENER
Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date 11-APR-2020 16:20:37
Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 59 min. 39 sec
Trace Level off
Security ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP OFF
Listener Parameter File /software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File /software/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/VM_0_8_centos/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=VM_0_8_centos)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclXDB" has 1 instance(s).
Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$
OK，到这里已经成功在Linux下安装Oracle。
登录Oracle
接下来，我们用上面设置的密码 SYSPASSWORD = "oracle"来验证是否能正常登录，执行命令：sqlplus sys/oracle@orcl as sysdba。
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ sqlplus sys/oracle@orcl as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Apr 11 17:34:39 2020
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL>
设置Oracle开机启动
最后，我们还需要配置一下，让Oracle能够在服务器开机时自动启动。
- 配置/etc/oratab
vi /etc/oratab
使用root用户，修改 /etc/oratab 配置内容，设置如下：
orcl:/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1:Y
其中，/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1为之前设置的 $ORACLE_HOME 路径。
- 配置/etc/rc.d/rc.local
vi /etc/rc.d/rc.local
在文件末追加以下内容：
su oracle -lc "/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/lsnrctl start"
su oracle -lc "/software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/dbstart"
- 给文件 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 增加执行权限
在CentOS7下，我们还需要检查文件 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 是否有执行权限，如果没有执行权限，则需执行命令：chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local。
完成以后操作后，需要验证一下，执行重启命令：reboot，重启之后先执行命令：su - oracle 切换到Oracle，再执行命令 lsnrctl status 查看监听状态，同时可以正常进行Oracle登录，说明开机自启动是没问题的。
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ su - oracle
Password:
Last login: Sat Apr 11 19:20:11 CST 2020 on pts/0
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ lsnrctl status
LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-APR-2020 19:23:44
Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias LISTENER
Version TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date 11-APR-2020 19:17:31
Uptime 0 days 0 hr. 6 min. 12 sec
Trace Level off
Security ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP OFF
Listener Parameter File /software/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File /software/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/VM_0_8_centos/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=VM_0_8_centos)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orclXDB" has 1 instance(s).
Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$
可能遇到的问题
- Swap空间不够
在Oracle静默安装过程中，查看安装日志，发现出现错误并提示 swap空间 不够。
使用 free -m 命令查看swap大小，发现大小为0，难怪会提示空间小于150M。因此，我们需要给服务器增加swap虚拟空间。
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 32009 312 31455 0 242 31377
Swap: 0 0 0
参考了网上资料，给Linux主机创建了2G的swap文件，创建过程如下：
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/software/swap bs=2048 count=1048576
1048576+0 records in
1048576+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB) copied, 3.23491 s, 664 MB/s
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# mkswap /software/swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2097148 KiB
no label, UUID=ba7467e4-4d16-4c15-958a-9f03a8af5bc2
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# chmod 600 /software/swap
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# swapon /software/swap
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 32009 316 29324 0 2368 31336
Swap: 2047 0 2047
[root@VM_0_8_centos /]#
为了让开机时自动启用，还需修改文件 /etc/fstab 添加一行：
/software/swap swap swap defaults 0 0
- 提示 lsnrctl 命令找不到
我们使用oracle用户来操作，查看监听状态时，可能提示命令找不到。
[root@VM_0_8_centos ~]# su oracle
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos root]$ cd ~
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ lsnrctl status
bash: lsnrctl: command not found
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$ ^C
[oracle@VM_0_8_centos ~]$
这是因为，在这里切换帐户一定要加 -，即使用 su - oracle，否则就会出现上面的错误。