一、类
1、定义类
##定义并调用
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class HelloWord {
private var name = "Leo"
def sayHello() {print("Hello, " + name)}
def getName = name
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class HelloWord
scala> val helloWord = new HelloWord
helloWord: HelloWord = HelloWord@eba64a9
scala> helloWord.sayHello()
Hello, Leo
scala>
scala> print(helloWord.getName)
Leo
2、getter和setter
我们在用Java的时候经常把一些字段定义为private类型来完成封装,这样外界就无法访问。
如果外界访问或者修改该字段的时候,只能通过该字段提供的getter和setter方法来实现。
在Scala中是没有getter和setter一说的。
用了value 和 value_= 来分别代替了getter和setter。
■ 如果字段是私有的,则getter和setter方法也是私有的
就是说明,当我们定义一个字段为私有的时候,自动生成的getter和setter也不能被外界使用了。
就是我们不能在外界使用 点+字段 的方式来访问或者修改该字段了。
我们可以通过自己改写scala的getter和setter来完成对私有变量的访问和修改,如上述。
■ 如果字段是val,则只有getter方法被生成
当我们需要getter和setter的时候,可以定义变量为var
当我们只需要getter不需要setter的时候,我们可以定义变量为val
■ 如果你不需要任何getter或setter,可以将字段声明为private[this]
我们要么在对私有变量设置访问方法的时候
要么加上getter方法(对val字段而言)要么加上getter和setter方法(对var字段而言)
但在Scala中,你不能实现只写属性,即带有setter但不带getter的属性。
##
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student {
var name = "leo"
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@4cdbe50f
scala> s.name
res2: String = leo
scala> s.name = "jack"
s.name: String = jack
scala> s.name
res3: String = jack
3、自定义getter setter
//如果只是希望拥有简单的getter和setter方法,那么就按照scala提供的语法规则,根据需求为field选择合适的修饰符就好:var、val、private、private[this]
//但是如果希望能够自己对getter与setter进行控制,则可以自定义getter与setter方法
//自定义setter方法的时候一定要注意scala的语法限制,签名、=、参数间不能有空格
##
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student {
private var myName = "leo"
def name = "your name is " + myName
def name_=(newName: String) {
print("you cannot edit your name!")
}
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@52f759d7
scala> s.name
res4: String = your name is leo
scala> s.name = "leo1"
you cannot edit your name!s.name: String = your name is leo
4、仅暴露field的getter方法
//如果你不希望field有setter方法,则可以定义为val,但是此时就再也不能更改field的值了
//但是如果希望能够仅仅暴露出一个getter方法,并且还能通过某些方法更改field的值,那么需要综合使用private以及自定义getter方法
//此时,由于field是private的,所以setter和getter都是private,对外界没有暴露;自己可以实现修改feld值的方法;自己可以覆盖getter方法
##
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student {
private var myName = "leo"
def updateName(newName: String) {
if (newName == "leo1") myName = newName
else println("not accept this new name, " + newName)
}
def name = myName
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@4aa8f0b4
scala> s.updateName("leo1")
scala> s.updateName("leo2")
not accept this new name, leo2
scala> s.name
res2: String = leo1
5、private[this]的使用
//如果将field使用private来修饰,那么代表这个field是类私有的,在类的方法中,可以直接访问类的其他对象的private field //这种情况下,如果不希望field被其他对象访问到,那么可以使用private[this],意味着对象私有的field,只有本对象内可以访问到 ## scala> :paste // Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish) class Student { private[this] var myAge = 0 def age_=(newAge: Int) { if (newAge > 0) myAge = newAge else println("illegal age!!") } def age = myAge def older(s: Student) = { myAge > s.myAge } } // Exiting paste mode, now interpreting. <console>:22: error: value myAge is not a member of Student myAge > s.myAge ^
6、Java风格的getter和setter方法
//Scala的getter和setter方法的命名与java是不同的,是field和field_=的方式
//如果要让scala自动生成java风格的getter和seter方法,只要给field添加@BeanProperty注解即可
//此时会生成4个方法,name:String、name_=(newValue:String):Unit、getName():String、setName(newValue:String):Unit
###
scala> import scala.reflect.BeanProperty
<console>:10: error: object BeanProperty is not a member of package reflect
import scala.reflect.BeanProperty
^
scala> import scala.beans.BeanProperty
import scala.beans.BeanProperty
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student {
@BeanProperty var name: String = _
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
s: Student = Student@59690aa4
scala> s.setName("leo")
scala> s.getName()
res1: String = leo
scala> s.setName("jack")
scala> s.getName()
res3: String = jack
###在主构造函数方式加注解
scala> class Student(@BeanProperty var name: String)
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student("leo")
s: Student = Student@5f9d02cb
scala> s.getName()
res4: String = leo
scala> s.setName("jen")
scala> s.getName()
res6: String = jen
7、辅助constructor
Scala中,可以给类定义多个辅助constructor,类似于Java中的构造函数重载,辅助constructor之间可以互相调用,而且必须第一行调用主constructor。
###
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student {
private var name = ""
private var age = 0
def this(name: String) {
this()
this.name = name
}
def this(name: String, age:Int) {
this(name)
this.age = age
}
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Student
scala> val s1 = new Student
s1: Student = Student@78b729e6
scala> val s1 = new Student("leo")
s1: Student = Student@1fe20588
scala> val s1 = new Student("leo",30)
s1: Student = Student@647e447
8、主constructor
//Scala中, 主constructor是与类名放在一起的,与java不同
//而且类中,没有定义在任何方法或者是代码块之中的代码,就是主constructor的代码,这点感觉没有java那么清晰
###
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student(val name: String, val age: Int) {
println("your name is " + name + ", your age is " + age)
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student("leo", 30)
your name is leo, your age is 30
s: Student = Student@6069db50
主construntor中还可以通过使用默认参数,来给参数默认的值。
###
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student(val name: String = "leo", val age: Int = 30) {
println("your name is " + name + ", your age is " + age)
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Student
scala> val s = new Student
your name is leo, your age is 30
s: Student = Student@682b2fa
如果主constructor传入的参数什么修饰都没有,比如name:String,那么如果类内部的方法使用到了,则会声明为private[this] name,
否则没有该field,就只能被constructor代码使用而已。
###
scala> :paste
// Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish)
class Student(name: String, age: Int) {
println("your name is " + name + ", your age is " + age)
}
// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.
defined class Student
warning: previously defined object Student is not a companion to class Student.
Companions must be defined together; you may wish to use :paste mode for this.
scala> val s = new Student("leo", 30)
your name is leo, your age is 30
s: Student = Student@58a9760d
9、内部类
Scala中,同样可以在类中定义内部类,但是与Java不同的是,每个外部类的对象的内部类,都是不同的类。 c2.Student类,c1.Student类,是不同的外部类的实例的不同的类。 ### scala> :paste // Entering paste mode (ctrl-D to finish) import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer class Class { class Student(val name: String) val students = new ArrayBuffer[Student]() def getStudent(name: String) = { new Student(name) } } // Exiting paste mode, now interpreting. import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer defined class Class scala> val c1 = new Class c1: Class = Class@50b5ac82 scala> val s1 = c1.getStudent("leo") s1: c1.Student = Class$Student@45099dd3 scala> c1.students += s1 res0: c1.students.type = ArrayBuffer(Class$Student@45099dd3) scala> val c2 = new Class c2: Class = Class@2783717b scala> val s2 = c2.getStudent("leo") s2: c2.Student = Class$Student@7e985ce9 scala> c1.students += s2 <console>:16: error: type mismatch; found : c2.Student required: c1.Student c1.students += s2 ^