之前的文章我们介绍了 re 模块和 lxml 模块来做爬虫,本章我们再来看一个 bs4 模块来做爬虫。
和 lxml 一样,Beautiful Soup 也是一个HTML/XML的解析器,主要的功能也是如何解析和提取 HTML/XML 数据。
lxml 只会局部遍历,而Beautiful Soup 是基于HTML DOM的,会载入整个文档,解析整个DOM树,因此时间和内存开销都会大很多,所以性能要低于lxml。
BeautifulSoup 用来解析 HTML 比较简单,API非常人性化,支持CSS选择器、Python标准库中的HTML解析器,也支持 lxml 的 XML解析器。
Beautiful Soup 3 目前已经停止开发,推荐现在的项目使用Beautiful Soup 4。使用 pip 安装即可:
pip install beautifulsoup4
抓取工具 | 速度 | 使用难度 | 安装难度 |
---|---|---|---|
正则 | 最快 | 困难 | 无(内置) |
BeautifulSoup | 慢 | 最简单 | 简单 |
lxml | 快 | 简单 | 一般 |
首先必须要导入 bs4 库
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 18 # 打开本地 HTML 文件的方式来创建对象 19 # soup = BeautifulSoup(open('index.html'), "lxml") 20 21 # 格式化输出 soup 对象的内容 22 print(soup.prettify())
运行结果:
1 <html> 2 <body> 3 <div> 4 <ul> 5 <li class="item-0"> 6 <a href="link1.html"> 7 first item 8 </a> 9 </li> 10 <li class="item-1"> 11 <a href="link2.html"> 12 second item 13 </a> 14 </li> 15 <li class="item-inactive"> 16 <a href="link3.html"> 17 <span class="bold"> 18 third item 19 </span> 20 </a> 21 </li> 22 <li class="item-1"> 23 <a href="link4.html"> 24 fourth item 25 </a> 26 </li> 27 <li class="item-0"> 28 <a href="link5.html"> 29 fifth item 30 </a> 31 </li> 32 </ul> 33 </div> 34 </body> 35 </html>
四大对象种类
Beautiful Soup将复杂HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是Python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种:
- Tag
- NavigableString
- BeautifulSoup
- Comment
1. Tag
Tag 通俗点讲就是 HTML 中的一个个标签,例如:
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 18 print(soup.li) # <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 19 print(soup.a) # <a href="link1.html">first item</a> 20 print(soup.span) # <span class="bold">third item</span> 21 print(soup.p) # None 22 print(type(soup.li)) # <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
我们可以利用 soup 加标签名轻松地获取这些标签的内容,这些对象的类型是bs4.element.Tag
。但是注意,它查找的是在所有内容中的第一个符合要求的标签。如果要查询所有的标签,后面会进行介绍。
对于 Tag,它有两个重要的属性,是 name 和 attrs
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 18 print(soup.li.attrs) # {'class': ['item-0']} 19 print(soup.li["class"]) # ['item-0'] 20 print(soup.li.get('class')) # ['item-0'] 21 22 print(soup.li) # <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 23 soup.li["class"] = "newClass" # 可以对这些属性和内容等等进行修改 24 print(soup.li) # <li class="newClass"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 25 26 del soup.li['class'] # 还可以对这个属性进行删除 27 print(soup.li) # <li><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
2. NavigableString
既然我们已经得到了标签的内容,那么问题来了,我们要想获取标签内部的文字怎么办呢?很简单,用 .string 即可,例如
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 18 print(soup.li.string) # first item 19 print(soup.a.string) # first item 20 print(soup.span.string) # third item 21 # print(soup.p.string) # AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'string' 22 print(type(soup.li.string)) # <class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
3. BeautifulSoup
BeautifulSoup 对象表示的是一个文档的内容。大部分时候,可以把它当作 Tag 对象,是一个特殊的 Tag,我们可以分别获取它的类型,名称,以及属性来感受一下
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 18 print(soup.name) # [document] 19 print(soup.attrs) # {}, 文档本身的属性为空 20 print(type(soup.name)) # <class 'str'>
4. Comment
Comment 对象是一个特殊类型的 NavigableString 对象,其输出的内容不包括注释符号。
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a> 6 </div> 7 """ 8 9 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 10 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 11 12 print(soup.a) # <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a> 13 print(soup.a.string) # Elsie 14 print(type(soup.a.string)) # <class 'bs4.element.Comment'>
a 标签里的内容实际上是注释,但是如果我们利用 .string 来输出它的内容时,注释符号已经去掉了。
遍历文档树
1. 直接子节点 :.contents
.children
属性
.content
tag 的 .content 属性可以将tag的子节点以列表的方式输出,输出方式为列表,我们可以用列表索引来获取它的某一个元素
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 18 print(soup.li.contents) # [<a href="link1.html">first item</a>] 19 print(soup.li.contents[0]) # <a href="link1.html">first item</a>
.children
它返回的不是一个 list,不过我们可以通过遍历获取所有子节点。
我们打印输出 .children 看一下,可以发现它是一个 list 生成器对象
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 18 print(soup.ul.children) # <list_iterator object at 0x106388a20> 19 for child in soup.ul.children: 20 print(child)
输出结果:
1 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 2 3 4 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 5 6 7 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 8 9 10 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 11 12 13 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
2. 所有子孙节点: .descendants
属性
.contents 和 .children 属性仅包含tag的直接子节点,.descendants 属性可以对所有tag的子孙节点进行递归循环,和 children类似,我们也需要遍历获取其中的内容。
1 for child in soup.ul.descendants: 2 print(child)
运行结果:
1 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 2 <a href="link1.html">first item</a> 3 first item 4 5 6 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 7 <a href="link2.html">second item</a> 8 second item 9 10 11 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 12 <a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a> 13 <span class="bold">third item</span> 14 third item 15 16 17 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 18 <a href="link4.html">fourth item</a> 19 fourth item 20 21 22 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 23 <a href="link5.html">fifth item</a> 24 fifth item
搜索文档树
1.find_all(name, attrs, recursive, text, **kwargs)
1)name 参数
name 参数可以查找所有名字为 name 的 tag,字符串对象会被自动忽略掉
A.传字符串
最简单的过滤器是字符串.在搜索方法中传入一个字符串参数,Beautiful Soup会查找与字符串完整匹配的内容,下面的例子用于查找文档中所有的<span>
标签:
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 print(soup.find_all('span')) # [<span class="bold">third item</span>]
B.传正则表达式
如果传入正则表达式作为参数,Beautiful Soup会通过正则表达式的 match() 来匹配内容.下面例子中找出所有以 s 开头的标签,这表示 <span
>
标签都应该被找到
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 import re 3 4 html = """ 5 <div> 6 <ul> 7 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 9 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 10 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 11 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 12 </ul> 13 </div> 14 """ 15 16 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 17 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 18 for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile("^s")): 19 print(tag) 20 # <span class="bold">third item</span>
C.传列表
如果传入列表参数,Beautiful Soup会将与列表中任一元素匹配的内容返回.下面代码找到文档中所有 <a>
标签和 <span>
标签:
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 print(soup.find_all(["a", "span"])) 18 # [<a href="link1.html">first item</a>, <a href="link2.html">second item</a>, <a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>, <span class="bold">third item</span>, <a href="link4.html">fourth item</a>, <a href="link5.html">fifth item</a>]
2)keyword 参数
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 3 html = """ 4 <div> 5 <ul> 6 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 7 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 9 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 10 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 11 </ul> 12 </div> 13 """ 14 15 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 16 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 17 print(soup.find_all(href='link1.html')) # [<a href="link1.html">first item</a>]
3)text 参数
通过 text 参数可以搜搜文档中的字符串内容,与 name 参数的可选值一样, text 参数接受 字符串 , 正则表达式 , 列表
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 import re 3 4 html = """ 5 <div> 6 <ul> 7 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 9 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 10 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 11 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 12 </ul> 13 </div> 14 """ 15 16 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 17 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 18 print(soup.find_all(text="first item")) # ['first item'] 19 print(soup.find_all(text=["first item", "second item"])) # ['first item', 'second item'] 20 print(soup.find_all(text=re.compile("item"))) # ['first item', 'second item', 'third item', 'fourth item', 'fifth item']
CSS选择器
这就是另一种与 find_all 方法有异曲同工之妙的查找方法.
-
写 CSS 时,标签名不加任何修饰,类名前加
.
,id名前加#
-
在这里我们也可以利用类似的方法来筛选元素,用到的方法是
soup.select()
,返回类型是list
(1)通过标签名查找
1 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup 2 import re 3 4 html = """ 5 <div> 6 <ul> 7 <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li> 8 <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li> 9 <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li> 10 <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li> 11 <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> 12 </ul> 13 </div> 14 """ 15 16 # 创建 Beautiful Soup 对象 17 soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml") 18 print(soup.select('span')) # [<span class="bold">third item</span>]
(2)通过类名查找
1 print(soup.select('.item-0')) 2 # [<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>, <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>]
(3)通过 id 名查找
print(soup.select('#item-0')) # []
(4)组合查找
1 print(soup.select('li.item-0')) 2 # [<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>, <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>] 3 print(soup.select('li.item-0>a')) 4 # [<a href="link1.html">first item</a>, <a href="link5.html">fifth item</a>]
(5)属性查找
1 print(soup.select('a[href="link1.html"]')) # [<a href="link1.html">first item</a>]
(6) 获取内容
1 for text in soup.select('li'): 2 print(text.get_text()) 3 """ 4 first item 5 second item 6 third item 7 fourth item 8 fifth item 9 """