一、前言
flask中有很多可扩展点(笔者这样称呼)，其中包含了信号和请求钩子，这些信号和钩子有什么用呢？其主要作用用于帮助我们进行程序的耦合性，当然还可以让我们自定义一些行为。话不多说，通过阅读源码，笔者将这些所有的可扩展点的执行顺序进行总结(如下图)，这样我们更能清楚的知道flask的内部请求流程，后面将对信号以及源码流程做说明，最后以下所有内容都是基于flask版本为1.0.2。重要：信号的触发可以在任何时候，以下流程只是源码的触发顺序。
二、信号
在django中同样也有信号，但django中是内置的，而Flask框架中的信号基于blinker,所以我们在使用flask信号时候需安装blinker。
pip3 install blinker
flask中所有的信号在其源码中都有定义:
request_started = _signals.signal('request-started') # 请求到来前执行 request_finished = _signals.signal('request-finished') # 请求结束后执行 before_render_template = _signals.signal('before-render-template') # 模板渲染前执行 template_rendered = _signals.signal('template-rendered') # 模板渲染后执行 got_request_exception = _signals.signal('got-request-exception') # 请求执行出现异常时执行 request_tearing_down = _signals.signal('request-tearing-down') # 请求执行完毕后自动执行（无论成功与否） appcontext_tearing_down = _signals.signal('appcontext-tearing-down')# 应用上下文执行完毕后自动执行（无论成功与否） appcontext_pushed = _signals.signal('appcontext-pushed') # 应用上下文push时执行 appcontext_popped = _signals.signal('appcontext-popped') # 应用上下文pop时执行 message_flashed = _signals.signal('message-flashed') # 调用消息闪现时，自动触发
如何使用
使用信号的 connect() 方法订阅该信号，该方法的第一个参数是当信号发出时所调用的函数。第二个参数是可选参数，定义一个发送者。使用 disconnect() 方法可以退订信号。
示例：
from flask import Flask, signals, request app = Flask(import_name=__name__) def check_host(app, *args): print(app.config['DEBUG']) print("host is :", request.host) signals.request_started.connect(receiver=check_host) # 请求之前发送信号检查请求的host @app.route("/") def index(): return 'index' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run() #结果 False host is : 127.0.0.1:5000
在新的版本中还可以使用connect_via信号装饰器来订阅信号，以下代码可以修改为：
from flask import Flask, signals, request app = Flask(import_name=__name__) @signals.request_started.connect_via(app) def check_host(app, *args): print(app.config['DEBUG']) print("host is :", request.host) @app.route("/") def index(): return 'index' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
自定义信号
自定义信号允许我们能跟多进行自定义操作，在自定义信号步骤：
- 定义信号
- 订阅信号
- 触发信号
示例：
rom flask import Flask from blinker import Namespace app = Flask(import_name=__name__) model_signals=Namespace() # 定义信号 model_update = model_signals.signal(name='model_update') #触发信号是对应的操作 def logging(arg): print(arg) print('write log..') #订阅信号 model_update.connect(logging) @app.route("/") def index(): # 触发信号 model_update.send('save model') return 'index' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run() 结果： save model write log..
三、源码流程
在熟悉源码之前，你需要了解下flask的上线文管理，请移步这里， 之前在请求上下文源码中就介绍了请求进来会到wsgi_app，以下是源码定义：
def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response): """The actual WSGI application. This is not implemented in :meth:`__call__` so that middlewares can be applied without losing a reference to the app object. Instead of doing this:: app = MyMiddleware(app) It's a better idea to do this instead:: app.wsgi_app = MyMiddleware(app.wsgi_app) Then you still have the original application object around and can continue to call methods on it. .. versionchanged:: 0.7 Teardown events for the request and app contexts are called even if an unhandled error occurs. Other events may not be called depending on when an error occurs during dispatch. See :ref:`callbacks-and-errors`. :param environ: A WSGI environment. :param start_response: A callable accepting a status code, a list of headers, and an optional exception context to start the response. """ ctx = self.request_context(environ) error = None try: try: ctx.push() #存储请求上下文 response = self.full_dispatch_request() #处理请求，执行视图函数，返回响应 except Exception as e: error = e response = self.handle_exception(e) # 处理异常 except: error = sys.exc_info()[1] raise return response(environ, start_response) #返回给客户端 finally: if self.should_ignore_error(error): error = None ctx.auto_pop(error) #删除栈中的请求上下文
在wsgi_app中会执行ctx.push方法将上线问push到栈中，此时触发1.appcontext_pushed,以下是源码部分：
def push(self): """Binds the app context to the current context.""" self._refcnt += 1 if hasattr(sys, 'exc_clear'): sys.exc_clear() _app_ctx_stack.push(self) appcontext_pushed.send(self.app) #触发appcontext_pushed信号
接着执行self.full_dispatch_request()，在改方法中主要是用于请求预处理、以及更具路由匹配执行视图函数，下面其源码：
def full_dispatch_request(self): """Dispatches the request and on top of that performs request pre and postprocessing as well as HTTP exception catching and error handling. .. versionadded:: 0.7 """ self.try_trigger_before_first_request_functions() #执行请求扩展before_first_request try: request_started.send(self) #触发request_started信号 rv = self.preprocess_request() if rv is None: rv = self.dispatch_request() except Exception as e: rv = self.handle_user_exception(e) #处理异常 return self.finalize_request(rv) #最后对请求进行最后的处理
这里面执行请求扩展2.before_first_request，然后触发信号3.request_started信号，接着执行self.preprocess_request()进行请求预处理，源码：
bp = _request_ctx_stack.top.request.blueprint funcs = self.url_value_preprocessors.get(None, ()) if bp is not None and bp in self.url_value_preprocessors: funcs = chain(funcs, self.url_value_preprocessors[bp]) for func in funcs: func(request.endpoint, request.view_args) funcs = self.before_request_funcs.get(None, ()) #执行请求扩展before_request if bp is not None and bp in self.before_request_funcs: funcs = chain(funcs, self.before_request_funcs[bp]) for func in funcs: rv = func() if rv is not None: return rv
在视图函数中如果使用了render_template(模版渲染)，我们来看下其渲染方法：
def _render(template, context, app): """Renders the template and fires the signal""" before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context) # 触发before_render_template信号 rv = template.render(context) # 模版渲染 template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context) ## 触发template_rendered信号 return rv
渲染模版时候分别触发5.before_render_template以及6.template_rendered信号，在执行wsgi_app中的self.finalize_request(rv)对请求做最后的处理，源码：
def finalize_request(self, rv, from_error_handler=False): """Given the return value from a view function this finalizes the request by converting it into a response and invoking the postprocessing functions. This is invoked for both normal request dispatching as well as error handlers. Because this means that it might be called as a result of a failure a special safe mode is available which can be enabled with the `from_error_handler` flag. If enabled, failures in response processing will be logged and otherwise ignored. :internal: """ response = self.make_response(rv) try: response = self.process_response(response) #处理响应 request_finished.send(self, response=response) # 触发request_finished信号 except Exception: if not from_error_handler: raise self.logger.exception('Request finalizing failed with an ' 'error while handling an error') return response
在触发request_finished之前会执行self.process_response，源码：
def process_response(self, response): """Can be overridden in order to modify the response object before it's sent to the WSGI server. By default this will call all the :meth:`after_request` decorated functions. .. versionchanged:: 0.5 As of Flask 0.5 the functions registered for after request execution are called in reverse order of registration. :param response: a :attr:`response_class` object. :return: a new response object or the same, has to be an instance of :attr:`response_class`. """ ctx = _request_ctx_stack.top #获取请求上下文 bp = ctx.request.blueprint # 获取蓝图 funcs = ctx._after_request_functions if bp is not None and bp in self.after_request_funcs: funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.after_request_funcs[bp]))#执行请求扩张after_request if None in self.after_request_funcs: funcs = chain(funcs, reversed(self.after_request_funcs[None])) for handler in funcs: response = handler(response) if not self.session_interface.is_null_session(ctx.session): self.session_interface.save_session(self, ctx.session, response) # 保存session return response
所以这里先执行了请求扩展7.after_request然后触发信号8.request_finished信号，当在处理请求时候出现异常则会执行self.handle_exception(e),源码：
def handle_exception(self, e): """Default exception handling that kicks in when an exception occurs that is not caught. In debug mode the exception will be re-raised immediately, otherwise it is logged and the handler for a 500 internal server error is used. If no such handler exists, a default 500 internal server error message is displayed. .. versionadded:: 0.3 """ exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info() got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e) #触发got_request_exception信号 handler = self._find_error_handler(InternalServerError()) if self.propagate_exceptions: # if we want to repropagate the exception, we can attempt to # raise it with the whole traceback in case we can do that # (the function was actually called from the except part) # otherwise, we just raise the error again if exc_value is e: reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb) else: raise e self.log_exception((exc_type, exc_value, tb)) if handler is None: return InternalServerError() return self.finalize_request(handler(e), from_error_handler=True)
在源码中我们看到，这里会触发got_request_exception信号，当然之后会执行errorhandler请求扩展，最后执行ctx.auto_pop(error)也就是从栈中pop出上下文，源码：
def pop(self, exc=_sentinel): """Pops the request context and unbinds it by doing that. This will also trigger the execution of functions registered by the :meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request` decorator. .. versionchanged:: 0.9 Added the `exc` argument. """ app_ctx = self._implicit_app_ctx_stack.pop() try: clear_request = False if not self._implicit_app_ctx_stack: self.preserved = False self._preserved_exc = None if exc is _sentinel: exc = sys.exc_info()[1] self.app.do_teardown_request(exc) # 触发request_tearing_down信号 # If this interpreter supports clearing the exception information # we do that now. This will only go into effect on Python 2.x, # on 3.x it disappears automatically at the end of the exception # stack. if hasattr(sys, 'exc_clear'): sys.exc_clear() request_close = getattr(self.request, 'close', None) if request_close is not None: request_close() clear_request = True finally: rv = _request_ctx_stack.pop() # get rid of circular dependencies at the end of the request # so that we don't require the GC to be active. if clear_request: rv.request.environ['werkzeug.request'] = None # Get rid of the app as well if necessary. if app_ctx is not None: app_ctx.pop(exc) #触发teardown_appcontext信号 assert rv is self, 'Popped wrong request context. ' '(%r instead of %r)' % (rv, self)
此时会触发9.request_tearing_down信号，然后执行到app_ctx.pop(exc):
def pop(self, exc=_sentinel): """Pops the app context.""" try: self._refcnt -= 1 if self._refcnt <= 0: if exc is _sentinel: exc = sys.exc_info()[1] self.app.do_teardown_appcontext(exc) #触发teardown_appcontext信号 finally: rv = _app_ctx_stack.pop() assert rv is self, 'Popped wrong app context. (%r instead of %r)' % (rv, self) appcontext_popped.send(self.app) # 触发appcontext_poped信号
到pop app_ctx是先触发了10.teardown_appcontext信号再触发11.appcontext_poped信号,到此整个flask的所有信号以及所有可扩展点的所有顺序执行完毕。
最后，整体的执行顺序的流程图我已经在最开始放上了。