一、实例化补充
instance_path和instance_relative_config是配合来用的。
这两个参数是用来找配置文件的，当用app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py')这种方式导入配置文件的时候会用到
from flask import Flask,request app = Flask(__name__,instance_path=None, instance_relative_config=True) app.config.from_pyfile('settings.py') # instsnce_path：#如果配置了instance_path，就会去找instance里面的文件 # instance_relative_config： #如果设置为True，配置文件就找不到了，就会去找instance里面的settings.py app.open_session print(app.config.get("NNN")) @app.route('/index') # app.route('/index') f(index) def index(): print(request) return "xx" if __name__ == '__main__': app.__call__ app.run()
如果设置了instance_releative_config = True，就找不着settings.py文件了，解决办法：就手动创建一个instance的文件夹
二、信号（blinker）
1、flask的内置信号
Flask框架中的信号基于blinker，其主要就是让开发者可是在flask请求过程中定制一些用户行为。说白了也就是flask在列表里面
预留了几个空列表，在里面存东西。信号通过发送通知来帮助你解耦应用。简言之，信号允许某个发送者通知接收者有事情发生了；、
10个信号： 2. request_started = _signals.signal('request-started') # 请求到来前执行 5. request_finished = _signals.signal('request-finished') # 请求结束后执行 3. before_render_template = _signals.signal('before-render-template') # 模板渲染前执行 4. template_rendered = _signals.signal('template-rendered') # 模板渲染后执行 执行2/3/4/5或不执行时出现异常 got_request_exception = _signals.signal('got-request-exception') # 请求执行出现异常时执行 6. request_tearing_down = _signals.signal('request-tearing-down') # 请求执行完毕后自动执行（无论成功与否） 7. appcontext_tearing_down = _signals.signal('appcontext-tearing-down')# 请求上下文执行完毕后自动执行（无论成功与否） 1. appcontext_pushed = _signals.signal('appcontext-pushed') # 请求app上下文push时执行 8. appcontext_popped = _signals.signal('appcontext-popped') # 请求上下文pop时执行 message_flashed = _signals.signal('message-flashed') # 调用flask在其中添加数据时，自动触发
问题1：特殊的装饰器（@app.before_first_request ；@app.before_request ； @app.after_request）和信号有什么区别？
- 触发信号是没有返回值的，写不写返回值都无所谓
- 特殊的装饰器对返回值是有意义的，当before_request有返回值时就不会执行后续视图函数了，没有返回值的时候才会执行后续函数，而after_request必须有返回值
所以特殊装饰器的功能比信号的功能强大
问题2：通过信号可以做权限吗？
- 本身是做不了的，要想做得用其他的机制配合着来使用，这样做的话会闲的很麻烦，所以我们选择中间件来做
问题3：信号用于做什么呢？
- 只做一些自定义的操作，而且没有返回值
- 降低代码之间的耦合
flask内置信号源码详细
class Flask(_PackageBoundObject): def full_dispatch_request(self): self.try_trigger_before_first_request_functions() try: # ############### 触发request_started 信号 ############### request_started.send(self) rv = self.preprocess_request() if rv is None: rv = self.dispatch_request() except Exception as e: rv = self.handle_user_exception(e) response = self.make_response(rv) response = self.process_response(response) # ############### request_finished 信号 ############### request_finished.send(self, response=response) return response def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response): ctx = self.request_context(environ) ctx.push() error = None try: try: response = self.full_dispatch_request() except Exception as e: error = e response = self.make_response(self.handle_exception(e)) return response(environ, start_response) finally: if self.should_ignore_error(error): error = None ctx.auto_pop(error)
同上
def render_template(template_name_or_list, **context): """Renders a template from the template folder with the given context. :param template_name_or_list: the name of the template to be rendered, or an iterable with template names the first one existing will be rendered :param context: the variables that should be available in the context of the template. """ ctx = _app_ctx_stack.top ctx.app.update_template_context(context) return _render(ctx.app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list), context, ctx.app) def _render(template, context, app): """Renders the template and fires the signal""" # ############### before_render_template 信号 ############### before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context) rv = template.render(context) # ############### template_rendered 信号 ############### template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context) return rv
同上
class Flask(_PackageBoundObject): def handle_exception(self, e): exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info() # ############### got_request_exception 信号 ############### got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e) handler = self._find_error_handler(InternalServerError()) if self.propagate_exceptions: # if we want to repropagate the exception, we can attempt to # raise it with the whole traceback in case we can do that # (the function was actually called from the except part) # otherwise, we just raise the error again if exc_value is e: reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb) else: raise e self.log_exception((exc_type, exc_value, tb)) if handler is None: return InternalServerError() return handler(e) def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response): ctx = self.request_context(environ) ctx.push() error = None try: try: response = self.full_dispatch_request() except Exception as e: error = e # 这里这里这里这里这里这里这里这里这里这里这里这里 # response = self.make_response(self.handle_exception(e)) return response(environ, start_response) finally: if self.should_ignore_error(error): error = None ctx.auto_pop(error)
class AppContext(object): def push(self): """Binds the app context to the current context.""" self._refcnt += 1 if hasattr(sys, 'exc_clear'): sys.exc_clear() _app_ctx_stack.push(self) # ############## 触发 appcontext_pushed 信号 ############## appcontext_pushed.send(self.app) def pop(self, exc=_sentinel): """Pops the app context.""" try: self._refcnt -= 1 if self._refcnt <= 0: if exc is _sentinel: exc = sys.exc_info()[1] # ############## 触发 appcontext_tearing_down 信号 ############## self.app.do_teardown_appcontext(exc) finally: rv = _app_ctx_stack.pop() assert rv is self, 'Popped wrong app context. (%r instead of %r)' % (rv, self) # ############## 触发 appcontext_popped 信号 ############## appcontext_popped.send(self.app) class RequestContext(object): def push(self): top = _request_ctx_stack.top if top is not None and top.preserved: top.pop(top._preserved_exc) app_ctx = _app_ctx_stack.top if app_ctx is None or app_ctx.app != self.app: # #################################################### app_ctx = self.app.app_context() app_ctx.push() self._implicit_app_ctx_stack.append(app_ctx) else: self._implicit_app_ctx_stack.append(None) if hasattr(sys, 'exc_clear'): sys.exc_clear() _request_ctx_stack.push(self) # Open the session at the moment that the request context is # available. This allows a custom open_session method to use the # request context (e.g. code that access database information # stored on `g` instead of the appcontext). self.session = self.app.open_session(self.request) if self.session is None: self.session = self.app.make_null_session() class Flask(_PackageBoundObject): def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response): ctx = self.request_context(environ) ctx.push() error = None try: try: response = self.full_dispatch_request() except Exception as e: error = e response = self.make_response(self.handle_exception(e)) return response(environ, start_response) finally: if self.should_ignore_error(error): error = None ctx.auto_pop(error) def pop(self, exc=_sentinel): app_ctx = self._implicit_app_ctx_stack.pop() try: clear_request = False if not self._implicit_app_ctx_stack: self.preserved = False self._preserved_exc = None if exc is _sentinel: exc = sys.exc_info()[1] # ################## 触发 request_tearing_down 信号 ################## self.app.do_teardown_request(exc) # If this interpreter supports clearing the exception information # we do that now. This will only go into effect on Python 2.x, # on 3.x it disappears automatically at the end of the exception # stack. if hasattr(sys, 'exc_clear'): sys.exc_clear() request_close = getattr(self.request, 'close', None) if request_close is not None: request_close() clear_request = True finally: rv = _request_ctx_stack.pop() # get rid of circular dependencies at the end of the request # so that we don't require the GC to be active. if clear_request: rv.request.environ['werkzeug.request'] = None # Get rid of the app as well if necessary. if app_ctx is not None: # #################################################### app_ctx.pop(exc) assert rv is self, 'Popped wrong request context. ' '(%r instead of %r)' % (rv, self) def auto_pop(self, exc): if self.request.environ.get('flask._preserve_context') or (exc is not None and self.app.preserve_context_on_exception): self.preserved = True self._preserved_exc = exc else: self.pop(exc)
def flash(message, category='message'): """Flashes a message to the next request. In order to remove the flashed message from the session and to display it to the user, the template has to call :func:`get_flashed_messages`. .. versionchanged:: 0.3 `category` parameter added. :param message: the message to be flashed. :param category: the category for the message. The following values are recommended: ``'message'`` for any kind of message, ``'error'`` for errors, ``'info'`` for information messages and ``'warning'`` for warnings. However any kind of string can be used as category. """ # Original implementation: # # session.setdefault('_flashes', []).append((category, message)) # # This assumed that changes made to mutable structures in the session are # are always in sync with the session object, which is not true for session # implementations that use external storage for keeping their keys/values. flashes = session.get('_flashes', []) flashes.append((category, message)) session['_flashes'] = flashes # ############### 触发 message_flashed 信号 ############### message_flashed.send(current_app._get_current_object(), message=message, category=category)
2、自定义信号（Blinker的使用）
第一步：创建信号
第二步：将函数注册到信号中： 添加到这个列表
第三步： 发送信号
第四步：运行
具体实现：可参考flask源码，写一个自定义信号
from flask import Flask,flash from flask.signals import _signals app = Flask(__name__) xinhao = _signals.signal("xinhao")#创建信号 #定义函数 def wahaha(*args,**kwargs): print("娃哈哈",args,kwargs) def sww(*args,**kwargs): print("爽歪歪",args,kwargs) # 将函数注册到信号中,添加到这个列表 xinhao.connect(wahaha) xinhao.connect(sww) @app.route("/zzz") def zzz(): xinhao.send(sender='xxx',a1=123,a2=456) #触发这个信号，执行注册到列表中的所有函数,这里的参数个上面函数的参数一致 return "发送信号成功" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run(debug=True) #打印结果 # 娃哈哈 (None,) {'sender': 'xxx', 'a1': 123, 'a2': 456} # 爽歪歪 (None,) {'sender': 'xxx', 'a1': 123, 'a2': 456}
三、chain模块简单的测试
v1 = [11,22,33,44] v2 = [1,4,7,5] from itertools import chain ff = [] for i in chain(v1,v2): #chain会把两个列表连接在一块 ff.append(i) print(ff) #[11, 22, 33, 44, 1, 4, 7, 5]