一、遍历
通过for ... in ...:的语法结构，我们可以遍历字符串、列表、元组、字典等数据结构。
1.字符串遍历
>>> a_str = "hello itcast"
>>> for char in a_str:
... print(char,end=' ')
...
h e l l o i t c a s t
2.列表遍历
>>> a_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for num in a_list:
... print(num,end=' ')
...
1 2 3 4 5
3.元组遍历
>>> a_turple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> for num in a_turple:
... print(num,end=" ")
1 2 3 4 54.字典遍历
(1) 遍历字典的key（键）
chars = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3,'d':4}
for i in chars:
print(i)
#只默认循环输出所有的key值
for i in chars.keys():
print(i)
#循环输出所有的key值(2) 遍历字典的value（值）
chars = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3,'d':4}
for i in chars.values():
print(i)
#循环输出所有的key值(3) 遍历字典的key-value（键值对）
chars = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3,'d':4}
for k,v in chars.items():
print(k,v)
#循环输出所有的键值对想一想，如何实现带下标索引的遍历
方法一：
>>> chars = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> i = 0
>>> for chr in chars:
... print("%d %s"%(i, chr))
... i += 1
...
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 d方法二：使用enumerate()
>>> chars = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> for i, chr in enumerate(chars):
... print i, chr
...
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 d
二、公共方法
1.运算符
(1)+
>>> "hello " + "itcast"
'hello itcast'
>>> [1, 2] + [3, 4]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> ('a', 'b') + ('c', 'd')
('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')(2)*
>>> 'ab'*4
'ababab'
>>> [1, 2]*4
[1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
>>> ('a', 'b')*4
('a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b')(3)in
注意：in在对字典操作时，判断的是字典的键
>>> 'itc' in 'hello itcast'
True
>>> 3 in [1, 2]
False
>>> 4 in (1, 2, 3, 4)
True
>>> "name" in {"name":"Delron", "age":24}
True
2.python内置函数
Python包含了以下内置函数
(1)cmp
注意：cmp在比较字典数据时，先比较键，再比较值。
>>> cmp("hello", "itcast")
-1
>>> cmp("itcast", "hello")
1
>>> cmp("itcast", "itcast")
0
>>> cmp([1, 2], [3, 4])
-1
>>> cmp([1, 2], [1, 1])
1
>>> cmp([1, 2], [1, 2, 3])
-1
>>> cmp({"a":1}, {"b":1})
-1
>>> cmp({"a":2}, {"a":1})
1
>>> cmp({"a":2}, {"a":2, "b":1})
-1(2)len
注意：len在操作字典数据时，返回的是键值对个数。
>>> len("hello itcast")
12
>>> len([1, 2, 3, 4])
4
>>> len((3,4))
2
>>> len({"a":1, "b":2})
2(3)max
>>> max("hello itcast")
't'
>>> max([1,4,522,3,4])
522
>>> max({"a":1, "b":2})
'b'
>>> max({"a":10, "b":2})
'b'
>>> max({"c":10, "b":2})
'c'(4)del
del有两种用法，一种是del加空格，另一种是del()
>>> a = 1
>>> a
1
>>> del a
>>> a
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'a' is not defined
>>> a = ['a', 'b']
>>> del a[0]
>>> a
['b']
>>> del(a)
>>> a
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'a' is not defined
3.多维列表/元祖访问的示例
>>> tuple1 = [(2,3),(4,5)]
>>> tuple1[0]
(2, 3)
>>> tuple1[0][0]
2
>>> tuple1[0][2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: tuple index out of range
>>> tuple1[0][1]
3
>>> tuple1[2][2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> tuple2 = tuple1+[(3)]
>>> tuple2
[(2, 3), (4, 5), 3]
>>> tuple2[2]
3
>>> tuple2[2][0]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not subscriptable
三、引用
在python中，值是靠引用来传递来的。我们可以用id()来判断两个变量是否为同一个值的引用。 我们可以将id值理解为那块内存的地址标示。
>>> a = 1
>>> b = a
>>> id(a)
13033816
>>> id(b) # 注意两个变量的id值相同
13033816
>>> a = 2
>>> id(a) # 注意a的id值已经变了
13033792
>>> id(b) # b的id值依旧
13033816
>>> a = [1, 2]
>>> b = a
>>> id(a)
139935018544808
>>> id(b)
139935018544808
>>> a.append(3)
>>> a
[1, 2, 3]
>>> id(a)
139935018544808
>>> id(b) # 注意a与b始终指向同一个地址
139935018544808
四、可变类型与不可变类型
1.可变类型，值可以改变：
(1)列表 list
(2)字典 dict