• python(18):遍历、公共方法、引用、可变与不可变类型


    一、遍历

    通过for ... in ...:的语法结构,我们可以遍历字符串、列表、元组、字典等数据结构。

    1.字符串遍历

    >>> a_str = "hello itcast"
    >>> for char in a_str:
    ...     print(char,end=' ')
    ...
    h e l l o   i t c a s t

     

    2.列表遍历

    >>> a_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
    >>> for num in a_list:
    ...     print(num,end=' ')
    ...
    1 2 3 4 5

     

    3.元组遍历

    >>> a_turple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
    >>> for num in a_turple:
    ...     print(num,end=" ")
    1 2 3 4 5

     

    4.字典遍历

    (1) 遍历字典的key(键)

    chars = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3,'d':4}
    
    for i in chars:
        print(i)
    #只默认循环输出所有的key值
    
    for i in chars.keys():
        print(i)
    #循环输出所有的key值

    (2) 遍历字典的value(值)

    chars = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3,'d':4}
    
    for i in chars.values():
        print(i)
    #循环输出所有的key值

    (3) 遍历字典的key-value(键值对)

    chars = {'a':1,'b':2,'c':3,'d':4}
    
    for k,v in chars.items():
        print(k,v)
    #循环输出所有的键值对

    想一想,如何实现带下标索引的遍历

    方法一:

    >>> chars = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
    >>> i = 0
    >>> for chr in chars:
    ...     print("%d %s"%(i, chr))
    ...     i += 1
    ...
    0 a
    1 b
    2 c
    3 d

    方法二:使用enumerate()

    >>> chars = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
    >>> for i, chr in enumerate(chars):
    ...     print i, chr
    ...
    0 a
    1 b
    2 c
    3 d

     

    二、公共方法

    1.运算符

    (1)+

    >>> "hello " + "itcast"
    'hello itcast'
    >>> [1, 2] + [3, 4]
    [1, 2, 3, 4]
    >>> ('a', 'b') + ('c', 'd')
    ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')

    (2)*

    >>> 'ab'*4
    'ababab'
    >>> [1, 2]*4
    [1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]
    >>> ('a', 'b')*4
    ('a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b')

    (3)in

    注意:in在对字典操作时,判断的是字典的键

    >>> 'itc' in 'hello itcast'
    True
    >>> 3 in [1, 2]
    False
    >>> 4 in (1, 2, 3, 4)
    True
    >>> "name" in {"name":"Delron", "age":24}
    True

     

    2.python内置函数

    Python包含了以下内置函数

    (1)cmp

    注意:cmp在比较字典数据时,先比较键,再比较值。

    >>> cmp("hello", "itcast")
    -1
    >>> cmp("itcast", "hello")
    1
    >>> cmp("itcast", "itcast")
    0
    >>> cmp([1, 2], [3, 4])
    -1
    >>> cmp([1, 2], [1, 1])
    1
    >>> cmp([1, 2], [1, 2, 3])
    -1
    >>> cmp({"a":1}, {"b":1})
    -1
    >>> cmp({"a":2}, {"a":1})
    1
    >>> cmp({"a":2}, {"a":2, "b":1})
    -1

    (2)len

    注意:len在操作字典数据时,返回的是键值对个数。

    >>> len("hello itcast")
    12
    >>> len([1, 2, 3, 4])
    4
    >>> len((3,4))
    2
    >>> len({"a":1, "b":2})
    2

    (3)max

    >>> max("hello itcast")
    't'
    >>> max([1,4,522,3,4])
    522
    >>> max({"a":1, "b":2})
    'b'
    >>> max({"a":10, "b":2})
    'b'
    >>> max({"c":10, "b":2})
    'c'

    (4)del

    del有两种用法,一种是del加空格,另一种是del()

    >>> a = 1
    >>> a
    1
    >>> del a
    >>> a
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    NameError: name 'a' is not defined
    >>> a = ['a', 'b']
    >>> del a[0]
    >>> a
    ['b']
    >>> del(a)
    >>> a
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    NameError: name 'a' is not defined

     

    3.多维列表/元祖访问的示例

    >>> tuple1 = [(2,3),(4,5)]
    >>> tuple1[0]
    (2, 3)
    >>> tuple1[0][0]
    2
    >>> tuple1[0][2]
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    IndexError: tuple index out of range
    >>> tuple1[0][1]
    3
    >>> tuple1[2][2]
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    IndexError: list index out of range
    >>> tuple2 = tuple1+[(3)]
    >>> tuple2
    [(2, 3), (4, 5), 3]
    >>> tuple2[2]
    3
    >>> tuple2[2][0]
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: 'int' object is not subscriptable

     

    三、引用

    在python中,值是靠引用来传递来的。我们可以用id()来判断两个变量是否为同一个值的引用。 我们可以将id值理解为那块内存的地址标示。

    >>> a = 1
    >>> b = a
    >>> id(a)
    13033816
    >>> id(b)   # 注意两个变量的id值相同
    13033816
    >>> a = 2
    >>> id(a)   # 注意a的id值已经变了
    13033792
    >>> id(b)   # b的id值依旧
    13033816
    
    
    >>> a = [1, 2]
    >>> b = a
    >>> id(a)
    139935018544808
    >>> id(b)
    139935018544808
    >>> a.append(3)
    >>> a
    [1, 2, 3]
    >>> id(a)
    139935018544808
    >>> id(b)       # 注意a与b始终指向同一个地址
    139935018544808

     

    四、可变类型与不可变类型

    1.可变类型,值可以改变:

    (1)列表 list

    (2)字典 dict

     

    2.不可变类型,值不可以改变:

    (1)数值类型 int, long, bool, float

    (2)字符串 str

    (3)元组 tuple

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wangchongzhangdan/p/9409583.html
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