• Servlet


    Servlet

    1. Servlet简介

    • sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
    • sun公司在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet。如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤
      • 编写一个类,实现servlet接口
      • 把开发好的java类部署到web服务器中

    把实现了servlet接口的java程序叫做servelet

    2. HelloServlet

    Servlet接口在sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet

    1. 构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这里面建立module;这个空的工程就是Maven的主工程;以webapp为模板建立一个子工程

    2. 关于Maven父子工程的理解:

      父项目中会有

          <modules>
              <module>servlet-01</module>
          </modules>
      

      子项目中会有

          <parent>
              <artifactId>HelloServlet</artifactId>
              <groupId>org.example</groupId>
              <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
          </parent>
      

      父项目中的jar包子项目中可以直接使用(类似java中的继承)

    3. Maven环境优化

      1. 修改web.xml为最新的

        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
        <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
        http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
        version="4.0"
        metadata-complete="true">
        </web-app>
        
      2. 将maven的结构搭建完整

    4. 编写一个servlet程序

      1. 编写一个普通类

      2. 实现servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet

        https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200728081114%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6.png

        public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
        
            //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样
            @Override
            protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
                //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
                PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();  //响应流
        
                writer.print("Hello, Serlvet");
            }
        
            @Override
            protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
                doGet(req, resp);
            }
        }
        
    5. 编写servlet的映射

      为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径

          <!--注册Servlet-->
          <servlet>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
          </servlet>
          <!--Servlet的请求路径-->
          <servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      
    6. 配置Tomcat

      注意配置项目发布的路径就可以了

    7. 启动测试

    注意!写url时不要忘了加/

    <!--Servlet的请求路径-->
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    

    3. Servlet原理

    servlet是由web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后会:

    https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200728093746TIM%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE20200728172813.png

    4. Mapping问题

    1. 一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径

      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      
    2. 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径

      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      
    3. 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径(通配符)

      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      

      注意,下面的是默认请求路径,尽量避免这样写!

      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      
    4. 可以自定义后缀实现请求映射

      注意,.*前面不能加项目映射的路径

      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>*.wang</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      

      以下均为非法写法

      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/*.wang</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      
      	<servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/hello/*.wang</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      
    5. 优先级问题

      指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的路径

      例如处理404请求

      <!--404-->
          <servlet>
              <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
              <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
          </servlet>
          
          <servlet-mapping>
              <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
              <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
          </servlet-mapping>
      

    5. ServletContext

    web容器在启动的时候,他会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,他代表了当前的web应用;

    1. 共享数据

    我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另一个Servlet中拿到

    https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200729082806%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B61.png

    放入——>取出——>配置mapping

    public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
        @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    
            //this.getInitParameter();      初始化参数
            //this.getServletConfig();      Servlet配置
            //this.getServletContext();     Servlet上下文
    
            ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
    
            String username = "王诗凯";    //数据
            context.setAttribute("username", username); //将一个数据保存在ServletContext中,名字为username,值username
    
            System.out.println("Hello");
        }
    
    }
    
    public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
        @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();   //拿到的是同一个ServletContext,因为全局唯一
    
            String username = (String)context.getAttribute("username");
    
            //resp.setHeader();
            resp.setContentType("text/html");
            resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
            resp.getWriter().print("名字 " + username);
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            super.doGet(req, resp);
        }
    }
    
      <servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
      </servlet>
      <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>
    
      <servlet>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
      </servlet>
      <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>
    

    测试访问结果

    2. 获取初始化参数

      <!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
      <context-param>
        <param-name>url</param-name>
        <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
      </context-param>
    
    @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();   //拿到的是同一个ServletContext,因为全局唯一
    
            String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
            resp.getWriter().print(url);
        }
    

    3. 请求转发

    @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();   //拿到的是同一个ServletContext,因为全局唯一
            System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
            /*
            RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp");  //转发请求路径
            requestDispatcher.forward(req, resp);   //调用forward实现请求转发
             */
    
            context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req, resp);
        }
    

    https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200729082827%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B62.png

    4. 读取资源文件

    Properties

    • 在Java目录下新建properties
    • 在resource目录下新建properties

    发现:都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为类路径

    思路:需要一个文件流

    @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
    
            Properties prop = new Properties();
            prop.load(is);
            String user = prop.getProperty("username");
            String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
    
            resp.getWriter().print(user + ":" + pwd);
        }
    

    访问测试即可

    6. HttpServletResponse

    web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;

    • 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
    • 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse

    1. 简单分类

    负责向浏览器发送数据的方法

    servletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
    PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
    

    负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

        void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
    
        void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
    
        void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
    
        void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
    
        void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
    
        void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
    
        void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
    
        void setContentLength(int var1);
    
        void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
    
        void setContentType(String var1);
    

    响应的状态码

        int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
        int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
        int SC_OK = 200;
        int SC_CREATED = 201;
        int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
        int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
        int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
        int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
        int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
        int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
        int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
        int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
        int SC_FOUND = 302;
        int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
        int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
        int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
        int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
        int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
        int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
        int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
        int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
        int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
        int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
        int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
        int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
        int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
        int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
        int SC_GONE = 410;
        int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
        int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
        int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
        int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
        int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
        int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
        int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
        int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
        int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
        int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
        int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
        int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
        int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
    

    2. 常见应用

    1. 向浏览器输出信息
    2. 下载文件
      1. 要获取下载文件的路径
      2. 下载的文件名是啥?
      3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
      4. 获取下载文件的输出流
      5. 创建缓冲流
      6. 获取OutputStream对象
      7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到Buffer缓冲区
      8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
    @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            //1. 要获取下载文件的路径
            //D:JavaWebHelloServlet
    esponse	argetclassesTIM截图20200728172813.png
            //String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/TIM截图20200728172813.png");
            String realPath = "D:\JavaWeb\HelloServlet\response\target\classes\TIM截图20200728172813.png";
            System.out.println("下载文件的路径:" + realPath);
            //2. 下载的文件名是啥?
            String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\") + 1);
            //3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名用URLEncoder.encode编码,否则可能乱码
            resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"utf-8"));
            //4. 获取下载文件的输出流
            FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
            //5. 创建缓冲流
            int len = 0;
            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
            //6. 获取OutputStream对象
            ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
            //7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到Buffer缓冲区
            //8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
            while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0){
                out.write(buffer, 0, len);
            }
    
            in.close();
            out.close();
        }
    
    1. 验证码功能

      验证码怎么来的

      • 前端实现
      • 后端实现,需要用到Java的图片类,生成一个图片
    	@Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            //如何让浏览器3s刷新一次
            resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
    
            //在内存中创建一个图片
            BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(100, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
            //得到图片
            Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();    //笔
            //设置图片的背景颜色
            g.setColor(Color.white);
            g.fillRect(0,0,100,20);
            //给图片写数据
            g.setColor(Color.blue);
            g.setFont(new Font(null, Font.BOLD, 20));
            g.drawString(makeNum(), 0, 20);
    
            //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
            resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
            //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器请求
            resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
            resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
            resp.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
    
            //把图片写给浏览器
            ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
    
    
        }
    
        //生成随机数
        private String makeNum(){
            Random random = new Random();
            String num = random.nextInt(99999999) + "";
            StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
            //防止数字不满8位,空位用0填充
            for (int i = 0; i < 7 - num.length(); i++) {        //快捷键 fori
                sb.append("0");
            }
            String s = sb.toString() + num;
            return num;
        }
    
    • 4.实现重定向

    一个web资源受到客户端请求后,他会通知客户端去访问另外一个web资源,这个过程叫重定向

    常见场景:

    • 用户登录
        void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
    

    测试

        @Override
        protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
            /*重定向的原理
            resp.setHeader("Location", "/response/img");
            resp.setStatus(302)
             */
            resp.sendRedirect("/response/img");     //重定向
        }
    

    面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别

    相同点

    • 页面都会跳转

    不同点

    • 请求转发的时候。url不会产生变化 307
    • 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化 302
    • 原理图如下

    https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200729082827%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B62.png

    request重定向

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //处理请求
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
    
        System.out.println(username + ":" + password);
    
        //重定向时候一定要注意,路径问题,否则404
        resp.sendRedirect("/response/success.jsp");
    }
    

    index.jsp

    <html>
    <body>
    <h2>Hello World!</h2>
    
    <%--这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
    <%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前的的项目--%>
    <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
        用户名:<input type = "text" name="username">
        密码:<input type="password" name="password">
        <input type="submit">
    </form>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    

    success.jsp

    <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
    <html>
    <head>
        <title>Success</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h2>Success</h2>
    </body>
    </html>
    

    7. HttpServletRequset

    HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,Http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息

    获取参数,并请求转发

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //后台接受中文乱码问题
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");
        String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobbies");
        System.out.println("===================================");
        System.out.println(username);
        System.out.println(password);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies));
        System.out.println("===================================");
    
        //通过请求转发
        System.out.println(req.getContextPath());
        //说明:转发是内部资源,写相对路径;重定向是外部资源,写绝对路径
        req.getRequestDispatcher("success.jsp").forward(req, resp);
    }
    

    index.jsp

    <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
    <html>
    <head>
        <title>登录</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    <h1>登录</h1>
    
    <div style="text-align: center">
        <%--这里表单表示的意思:以post方式提交表单,提交到我们的login请求--%>
        <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
            用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
            密码:<input type="password" name = "password"> <br>
            爱好:
            <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="女孩">女孩
            <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="代码">代码
            <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="唱歌">唱歌
            <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="电影">电影
    
            <br>
            <input type="submit">
        </form>
    </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    

    success.jsp

    <%--
      Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
      User: a000248
      Date: 2020/7/30
      Time: 11:14
      To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
    --%>
    <%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
    <html>
    <head>
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    <h1>登录成功!</h1>
    
    </body>
    </html>
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wang-sky/p/13392451.html
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