• 数据库模块(2天)(sql基础主键,外键,唯一索引)最重要连表查询


    节回顾:
        1. 以ATM引出DBMS
        2. MySQL
            - 服务端
            - 客户端
        3. 通信交流
            - 授权
            - SQL语句
                - 数据库
                    create database db1; ?
                    drop database db1;
                    
                - 数据表
                    先创建tb2部门表
                        
                    create table tb1用户表(
                        id int not null auto_increment primary key,
                        name char(10),
                        department_id int,
                        p_id int,
                        constraint fk_1 foreign key (department_id,p_id) references tb2(tid,xid)
                    )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
                    创建外键可以()写多个,注意里面的多列是一个主键
                    
                    补充:主键
                        一个表只能有一个主键
                        主键可以由多列组成
                        
                        
                    补充:外键 ?
                        CREATE TABLE t5 (
                          nid int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
                          pid int(11) not NULL,
                          num int(11),
                          primary key(nid,pid)这两列组成一个主键,多列组成的主键不常用,但是要知道
                        ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
    
    
    
                        create table t6(
                            id int auto_increment primary key,
                            name char(10),
                            id1 int,
                            id2 int,
                            CONSTRAINT fk_t5_t6 foreign key (id1,id2) REFERENCES t1(nid,pid)
                        )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
                                        
                    
                    
                - 数据行
                
                    insert into tb1(name,age) values('alex',18);
                    
                    delete from tb1;自增列计数不会清空
                    truncate table tb1;自增列计数清空
                    delete from tb1 where id > 10
                    
                    
                    update tb1 set name='root' where id > 10
                    
                    select * from tb;
                    select id,name from tb;
                
                
        4 对于自增补充:
            desc t10;
            
            show create table t10;
            
            show create table t10 G;
            
            alter table t10 AUTO_INCREMENT=20;修改表的自增来
                
                
            MySQL: 自增步长
                基于会话级别:
                    show session variables like 'auto_inc%';    查看全局变量
                    set session auto_increment_increment=2;     设置会话步长
                    # set session auto_increment_offset=10;
                基于全局级别:
                    show global variables like 'auto_inc%';        查看全局变量
                    set global auto_increment_increment=2;         设置会话步长
                    # set global auto_increment_offset=10;
                    
                    
            SqlServer:自增步长:
                基础表级别:
                    CREATE TABLE `t5` (
                      `nid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
                      `pid` int(11) NOT NULL,
                      `num` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
                      PRIMARY KEY (`nid`,`pid`)
                    ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4, 步长=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
                    
                    CREATE TABLE `t6` (
                      `nid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
                      `pid` int(11) NOT NULL,
                      `num` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
                      PRIMARY KEY (`nid`,`pid`)
                    ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4, 步长=20 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
                
                
    今日内容:
        0. 唯一索引(可以联合唯一索引)
            
            语法
            create table t1(
                id int ....,
                num int,
                xx int,
                unique 唯一索引名称 (列名,列名),
                constraint ....
            )
            # 
            1   1   1
            2   1   2
            唯一索引的主要作用PS: 
                唯一:
                    约束不能重复(可以为空)
                    PS: 主键不能重复(不能为空)
                作用是加速查找,如果以后有用到唯一但是为不为空不限制 就可以考虑主键和约束
                
                
        1. 外键的变种
            
            a. 用户表和部门表
            
                用户:
                    1 alex     1
                    2 root       1
                    3 egon       2
                    4 laoyao   3
                    
                部门:
                    1 服务
                    2 保安
                    3 公关
                ===》 一对多
            b. 用户表和博客表
                用户表:
                    1 alex    
                    2 root       
                    3 egon       
                    4 laoyao   
                博客表:
                                      FK() + 唯一
                    1   /yuanchenqi/   4
                    2    /alex3714/    1
                    3    /asdfasdf/    3
                    4    /ffffffff/    2
                    
                ===> 一对一
                
                    create table userinfo1(
                        id int auto_increment primary key,
                        name char(10),
                        gender char(10),
                        email varchar(64)
                    )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
    
                    create table admin(
                        id int not null auto_increment primary key,
                        username varchar(64) not null,
                        password VARCHAR(64) not null,
                        user_id int not null,
                        unique uq_u1 (user_id),
                        CONSTRAINT fk_admin_u1 FOREIGN key (user_id) REFERENCES userinfo1(id)
                    )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
    
                
                
                
            c. 用户表(百合网) 相亲记录表
            
                示例1:
                    用户表
                    相亲表
                    
                示例2:
                    用户表
                    主机表
                    用户主机关系表
                ===》多对多
        
                    create table userinfo2(
                        id int auto_increment primary key,
                        name char(10),
                        gender char(10),
                        email varchar(64)
                    )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
    
                    create table host(
                        id int auto_increment primary key,
                        hostname char(64)
                    )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
    
    
                    create table user2host(
                        id int auto_increment primary key,
                        userid int not null,
                        hostid int not null,
                        unique uq_user_host (userid,hostid),
                        CONSTRAINT fk_u2h_user FOREIGN key (userid) REFERENCES userinfo2(id),
                        CONSTRAINT fk_u2h_host FOREIGN key (hostid) REFERENCES host(id)
                    )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
                        
                        
        2. SQL语句数据行操作补充
                create table tb12(
                    id int auto_increment primary key,
                    name varchar(32),
                    age int
                )engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
        
            增
                insert into tb11(name,age) values('alex',12); 单条
                
                insert into tb11(name,age) values('alex',12),('root',18);多条
                
                insert into tb12(name,age) select name,age from tb11;把某个表,查出来放到另一个表
            删
                delete from tb12;
                delete from tb12 where id !=2 
                delete from tb12 where id =2 
                delete from tb12 where id > 2 
                delete from tb12 where id >=2 
                delete from tb12 where id >=2 or name='alex'
            
            改
                update tb12 set name='alex' where id>12 and name='xx'
                update tb12 set name='alex',age=19 where id>12 and name='xx'
                增删改就那几种最要还是查的多
            查
                
                select * from tb12;
                
                select id,name from tb12;
                
                select id,name from tb12 where id > 10 or name ='xxx';
                
                select id,name as cname from tb12 where id > 10 or name ='xxx'; as起别名
                
                select name,age,11 from tb12;额外的常量列11
                
                其他:
                    select * from tb12 where id != 1
                    select * from tb12 where id in (1,5,12);
                    select * from tb12 where id not in (1,5,12);
                    select * from tb12 where id in (select id from tb11) where后面的select只能写一列
                    select * from tb12 where id between 5 and 12;
        
                
                    通配符:
                    
                    select * from tb12 where name like "a%"  %表示任务多个字符(0个或多个)
                    select * from tb12 where name like "a_"   _代指一个字符
        
                
                    分页:
                    
                        select * from tb12 limit 10;
                        
                        select * from tb12 limit 0,10;    从0开始后面取10条
                        select * from tb12 limit 10,10;    前面的是起始位置
                        select * from tb12 limit 20,10;
                        
                        select * from tb12 limit 10 offset 20;  从20开始取10条
            
                        结合python分页
                        # page = input('请输入要查看的页码')
                        # page = int(page)
                        # (page-1) * 10
                        # select * from tb12 limit 0,10; 1 
                        # select * from tb12 limit 10,10;2
                    
                    
                    排序:
                        select * from tb12 order by id desc; 大到小
                        select * from tb12 order by id asc;  小到大
                         select * from tb12 order by age desc,id desc;
                         
                        取后10条数据
                        select * from tb12 order by id desc limit 10;
    View Code
    分组:
                    
                        select count(id),max(id),part_id from userinfo5 group by part_id;
                        
                        聚合函数
                        count
                        max
                        min
                        sum
                        avg
                        
                        **** 如果对于聚合函数结果进行二次筛选时?group by排序必须使用having ****
                        count就是聚合函数
                        select count(id),part_id from userinfo5 group by part_id having count(id) > 1;
                        
                        select count(id),part_id from userinfo5 where id > 0 group by part_id having count(id) > 1;
                
                        
                    连表操作:
                    
                        select * from userinfo5,department5
                        
                        select * from userinfo5,department5 where userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
                        
    
                        select * from userinfo5 left join department5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
                        select * from department5 left join userinfo5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
                        # userinfo5左边全部显示   left join是左边表全显示,
                        
                        
                        # select * from userinfo5 right join department5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
                        # department5右边全部显示  righe join是右边表全显示 
                    
                    
                    
                        select * from userinfo5 innder join department5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
                        将出现null时一行隐藏
                        
                        
                    
                    
                    
                    
                        select * from 
                            department5 
                        left join userinfo5 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
                        left join userinfo6 on userinfo5.part_id = department5.id
                    
                    
                        select 
                            score.sid,
                            student.sid 
                            from 
                        score
    
                            left join student on score.student_id = student.sid
    
                            left join course on score.course_id = course.cid
    
                            left join class on student.class_id = class.cid
    
                            left join teacher on course.teacher_id=teacher.tid
                        
                
                
                
                select count(id) from userinfo5;
                    
                    
                    
    作业练习:
        http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5729934.html
        10-15个完成
    View Code

    主键
    语法:primary key(nid,pid)
    一个表只能有一个主键
    主键可以由多列组成
    单独写一行

    外键:
    语法:
    CONSTRAINT fk_t5_t6 foreign key (id1,id2) REFERENCES t1(nid,pid)
    创建外键可以()写多个,注意里面的多列是一个主键

    唯一索引:
    语法 :unique 唯一索引名称 (列名,列名);unique uq_u1 (user_id),
    约束不能重复(可以为空)
    PS: 主键不能重复(不能为空)
    作用是加速查找,如果以后有用到唯一但是为不为空不限制 就可以考虑主键和约束

    外键的变种
    有几种形式: FK() + 唯一;多对多(主机表)

    sql语句
    增 多列增,查出表进行增
    删 delete
    改 update
    查 where后面加in,notin,betwe and ,like,通配符;分页limit跟where没关系;order by 排序;
    group by分组,如果再有条件不能用where只能用having;
    left join左边的表全部显示,建议使用table.sid的方式表示列

    inner join 碰到NULL的(有表有有表没有隐藏)

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wanchenxi/p/8030435.html
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