前言
前些天优化了一些耗费buffers较多的SQL，但系统CPU降低的效果不明显，于是又拉了awr报告，查看了SQL ordered by Gets排名前列的SQL。
分析
SQL代码：
select distinct pro5.value as CUSTOMERCODE,
to_date('19000101000000', 'yyyymmddhh24miss') as LAST_UPDATE_TIME,
pro2.value as NAME,
nvl(pro3.value, '$$400006000004') as GENDER,
decode(pro4.value,
'$$400003000001',
decode(length(trim(pro5.value)),
18,
substr(trim(pro5.value), 7, 8)),
null) as BIRTHDAY,
decode(pro4.value, '$$400003000001', pro5.value, null) as CERT_NO,
pro4.value as CERTIFICATE_TYPE,
pro5.value as CERTIFICATE_NO,
null as NATION,
null as EFFECTIVE_DATE,
null as EXPIRE_DATE
from policy p
inner join role r
on p.topactualid = r.topactualid
and r.kind = 'INSURANCECERTIFICATELIST'
inner join property pro2
on r.topactualid = pro2.topactualid
and r.actualid = pro2.parentactualid
and r.parentagreementid = pro2.parentagreementid
and r.topagreementid = pro2.topagreementid
and pro2.kind = 'CUSTOMERNAME'
inner join property pro3
on r.topactualid = pro3.topactualid
and r.actualid = pro3.parentactualid
and r.parentagreementid = pro3.parentagreementid
and r.topagreementid = pro3.topagreementid
and pro3.kind = 'PERSONSEX'
inner join property pro4
on r.topactualid = pro4.topactualid
and r.actualid = pro4.parentactualid
and r.parentagreementid = pro4.parentagreementid
and r.topagreementid = pro4.topagreementid
and pro4.kind = 'CERTIFICATETYPE'
inner join property pro5
on r.topactualid = pro5.topactualid
and r.actualid = pro5.parentactualid
and r.parentagreementid = pro5.parentagreementid
and r.topagreementid = pro5.topagreementid
and pro5.kind = 'CERTIFICATECODE' and pro5.value is not null
left join endorsement e
on p.endorsementid = e.endorsementid
where p.productcode = '00070002'
and p.currentflag = 'Y'
and (p.uniquecode like '013100%' or p.uniquecode like '011000%')
and ((p.policystatus = '$$900001103001') or
(e.endorsementstatus = '$$900002106001' and
e.ISSUEDATE > to_date('20160411', 'YYYYMMDD')))
执行计划：
Plan hash value: 3936231819
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 336 | 124K (1)| 00:24:55 |
| 1 | HASH UNIQUE | | 1 | 336 | 124K (1)| 00:24:55 |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 336 | 124K (1)| 00:24:55 |
| 3 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 284 | 124K (1)| 00:24:55 |
| 4 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 232 | 124K (1)| 00:24:55 |
| 5 | NESTED LOOPS | | 51 | 9180 | 124K (1)| 00:24:50 |
| 6 | NESTED LOOPS | | 14950 | 1868K| 11388 (1)| 00:02:17 |
|* 7 | FILTER | | | | | |
| 8 | NESTED LOOPS OUTER | | 701 | 58183 | 6559 (1)| 00:01:19 |
|* 9 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | POLICY | 2661 | 129K| 5834 (1)| 00:01:11 |
| 10 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | ENDORSEMENT | 1 | 33 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 11 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | ENDORSEMENT_PK | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 12 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | ROLE | 21 | 945 | 25 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 13 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TC_ROLE66 | 453 | | 4 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 14 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | PROPERTY | 1 | 52 | 124K (1)| 00:24:50 |
| 15 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS | | | | | |
| 16 | BITMAP AND | | | | | |
| 17 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 18 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TC_PROPERTY_PARENT | 12 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 19 | BITMAP CONVERSION FROM ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 20 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TC_PROPERTY24 | 12 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 21 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | PROPERTY | 1 | 52 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 22 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TC_PROPERTY_PARENT | 12 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 23 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | PROPERTY | 1 | 52 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 24 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TC_PROPERTY_PARENT | 12 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 25 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | PROPERTY | 1 | 52 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 26 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TC_PROPERTY_PARENT | 12 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
7 - filter("P"."POLICYSTATUS"='$$900001103001' OR "E"."ENDORSEMENTSTATUS"='$$900002106001' AND
"E"."ISSUEDATE">TIMESTAMP' 2016-04-11 00:00:00')
9 - filter("P"."PRODUCTCODE"='00070002' AND ("P"."UNIQUECODE" LIKE '013100%' OR "P"."UNIQUECODE"
LIKE '011000%') AND "P"."CURRENTFLAG"='Y')
11 - access("P"."ENDORSEMENTID"="E"."ENDORSEMENTID"(+))
12 - filter("R"."KIND"='INSURANCECERTIFICATELIST')
13 - access("P"."TOPACTUALID"="R"."TOPACTUALID")
14 - filter("PRO5"."VALUE" IS NOT NULL AND "PRO5"."KIND"='CERTIFICATECODE' AND
"R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO5"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND "R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO5"."TOPAGREEMENTID")
18 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO5"."PARENTACTUALID")
20 - access("R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO5"."TOPACTUALID")
21 - filter("PRO2"."KIND"='CUSTOMERNAME' AND "R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO2"."TOPACTUALID" AND
"R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO2"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND "R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO2"."TOPAGREEMENTID")
22 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO2"."PARENTACTUALID")
23 - filter("PRO4"."KIND"='CERTIFICATETYPE' AND "R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO4"."TOPACTUALID" AND
"R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO4"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND "R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO4"."TOPAGREEMENTID")
24 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO4"."PARENTACTUALID")
25 - filter("PRO3"."KIND"='PERSONSEX' AND "R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO3"."TOPACTUALID" AND
"R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO3"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND "R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO3"."TOPAGREEMENTID")
26 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO3"."PARENTACTUALID")
分析：
1）执行计划中 id = 15 关键字为BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS，此关键字在此之前都未遇见过，于是谷歌下，有了以下解释：
1)出现这样的情况，是因为表中存在不适当的索引，这些索引列的唯一度不高，oracle就有可能选择两个这样的索引转为bitmap来执行
2)根据这两个索引的值再确认共同有的ROWID，最后再通过ROWID回表提取符合条件的数据。
2) 可以使用/*+ opt_param('_b_tree_bitmap_plans','false') */hint 在sql级消除bitmap
3） 也可以删除选择率低的索引，建立复合索引进行改善
4） 根据执行计划的谓词信息，我建立了如下索引：
create index IDX_POLICY_01 on POLICY (PRODUCTCODE, CURRENTFLAG, UNIQUECODE);
create index IDX_PROPERTY_TEST02 on PROPERTY (KIND, PARENTACTUALID, TOPACTUALID, PARENTAGREEMENTID, TOPAGREEMENTID, VALUE) nologging;5）建立索引后的执行计划：
Plan hash value: 2001935116
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 336 | 10938 (1)| 00:02:12 |
| 1 | HASH UNIQUE | | 1 | 336 | 10938 (1)| 00:02:12 |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 336 | 10937 (1)| 00:02:12 |
| 3 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 284 | 10934 (1)| 00:02:12 |
| 4 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 232 | 10931 (1)| 00:02:12 |
| 5 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 180 | 10928 (1)| 00:02:12 |
| 6 | NESTED LOOPS | | 875 | 109K| 8301 (1)| 00:01:40 |
|* 7 | FILTER | | | | | |
| 8 | NESTED LOOPS OUTER | | 300 | 24900 | 6500 (1)| 00:01:19 |
|* 9 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | POLICY | 2776 | 135K| 5751 (1)| 00:01:10 |
| 10 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| ENDORSEMENT | 1 | 33 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 11 | INDEX UNIQUE SCAN | ENDORSEMENT_PK | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 12 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | ROLE | 3 | 135 | 6 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 13 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | TC_ROLE66 | 62 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 14 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_PROPERTY_TEST02 | 1 | 52 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 15 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_PROPERTY_TEST02 | 1 | 52 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 16 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_PROPERTY_TEST02 | 1 | 52 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 17 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | IDX_PROPERTY_TEST02 | 1 | 52 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
7 - filter("P"."POLICYSTATUS"='$$900001103001' OR "E"."ENDORSEMENTSTATUS"='$$900002106001' AND
"E"."ISSUEDATE">TIMESTAMP' 2016-04-11 00:00:00')
9 - filter("P"."PRODUCTCODE"='00070002' AND ("P"."UNIQUECODE" LIKE '013100%' OR
"P"."UNIQUECODE" LIKE '011000%') AND "P"."CURRENTFLAG"='Y')
11 - access("P"."ENDORSEMENTID"="E"."ENDORSEMENTID"(+))
12 - filter("R"."KIND"='INSURANCECERTIFICATELIST')
13 - access("P"."TOPACTUALID"="R"."TOPACTUALID")
14 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO4"."PARENTACTUALID" AND "R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO4"."TOPACTUALID"
AND "R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO4"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND
"R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO4"."TOPAGREEMENTID" AND "PRO4"."KIND"='CERTIFICATETYPE')
15 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO3"."PARENTACTUALID" AND "R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO3"."TOPACTUALID"
AND "R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO3"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND
"R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO3"."TOPAGREEMENTID" AND "PRO3"."KIND"='PERSONSEX')
16 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO2"."PARENTACTUALID" AND "R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO2"."TOPACTUALID"
AND "R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO2"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND
"R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO2"."TOPAGREEMENTID" AND "PRO2"."KIND"='CUSTOMERNAME')
17 - access("R"."ACTUALID"="PRO5"."PARENTACTUALID" AND "R"."TOPACTUALID"="PRO5"."TOPACTUALID"
AND "R"."PARENTAGREEMENTID"="PRO5"."PARENTAGREEMENTID" AND
"R"."TOPAGREEMENTID"="PRO5"."TOPAGREEMENTID" AND "PRO5"."KIND"='CERTIFICATECODE')
filter("PRO5"."VALUE" IS NOT NULL)
优化后
建立索引后，sql从原来的450s降低到20s，buffers 消耗也显著降低。