• shelve -- 用来持久化任意的Python对象


    shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块,可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式

    创建一个新的shelf

    直接使用shelve.open()就可以创建了
    复制代码

     import shelve
    
     s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
     try:
         s['key1'] = { 'int': 10, 'float':9.5, 'string':'Sample data' }
     finally:
         s.close()

    如果想要再次访问这个shelf,只需要再次shelve.open()就可以了,然后我们可以像使用字典一样来使用这个shelf
    复制代码

     import shelve
    
     s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
     try:
         existing = s['key1']
     finally:
         s.close()
    
    print existing

    当我们运行以上两个py,我们将得到如下输出:

    $ python shelve_create.py
    $ python shelve_existing.py
    {'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

    dbm这个模块有个限制,它不支持多个应用同一时间往同一个DB进行写操作。所以当我们知道我们的应用如果只进行读操作,我们可以让shelve通过只读方式打开DB:

     import shelve
    
     s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', flag='r')
     try:
         existing = s['key1']
     finally:
         s.close()
    
     print existing

    当我们的程序试图去修改一个以只读方式打开的DB时,将会抛一个访问错误的异常。异常的具体类型取决于anydbm这个模块在创建DB时所选用的DB。

    写回(Write-back)

    由于shelve在默认情况下是不会记录待持久化对象的任何修改的,所以我们在shelve.open()时候需要修改默认参数,否则对象的修改不会保存。
    复制代码

      import shelve
    
      s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
      try:
          print s['key1']
          s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'
      finally:
          s.close()
    
     s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
     try:
         print s['key1']
     finally:
         s.close()

    上面这个例子中,由于一开始我们使用了缺省参数shelve.open()了,因此第6行修改的值即使我们s.close()也不会被保存。

    执行结果如下:

    $ python shelve_create.py
    $ python shelve_withoutwriteback.py
    {'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
    {'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

    所以当我们试图让shelve去自动捕获对象的变化,我们应该在打开shelf的时候将writeback设置为True。当我们将writeback这个flag设置为True以后,shelf将会将所有从DB中读取的对象存放到一个内存缓存。当我们close()打开的shelf的时候,缓存中所有的对象会被重新写入DB。
    复制代码

      import shelve
    
      s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
      try:
          print s['key1']
          s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'
          print s['key1']
      finally:
          s.close()
    
     s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
     try:
         print s['key1']
     finally:
         s.close()

    writeback方式有优点也有缺点。优点是减少了我们出错的概率,并且让对象的持久化对用户更加的透明了;但这种方式并不是所有的情况下都需要,首先,使用writeback以后,shelf在open()的时候会增加额外的内存消耗,并且当DB在close()的时候会将缓存中的每一个对象都写入到DB,这也会带来额外的等待时间。因为shelve没有办法知道缓存中哪些对象修改了,哪些对象没有修改,因此所有的对象都会被写入。
    复制代码

     $ python shelve_create.py
     $ python shelve_writeback.py
     {'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
     {'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
     {'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

    最后再来个复杂一点的例子:
    复制代码

     #!/bin/env python
    
     import time
     import datetime
     import md5
     import shelve
    
     LOGIN_TIME_OUT = 60
     db = shelve.open('user_shelve.db', writeback=True)
    
     def newuser():
         global db
         prompt = "login desired: "
         while True:
             name = raw_input(prompt)
             if name in db:
                 prompt = "name taken, try another: "
                 continue
             elif len(name) == 0:
                 prompt = "name should not be empty, try another: "
                 continue
             else:
                 break
         pwd = raw_input("password: ")
         db[name] = {"password": md5_digest(pwd), "last_login_time": time.time()}
         #print '-->', db
    
     def olduser():
         global db
         name = raw_input("login: ")
         pwd = raw_input("password: ")
         try:
             password = db.get(name).get('password')
         except AttributeError, e:
             print "33[1;31;40mUsername '%s' doesn't existed33[0m" % name
             return
         if md5_digest(pwd) == password:
             login_time = time.time()
             last_login_time = db.get(name).get('last_login_time')
             if login_time - last_login_time < LOGIN_TIME_OUT:
                 print "33[1;31;40mYou already logged in at: <%s>33[0m" % datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(last_login_time).isoformat()
    
             db[name]['last_login_time'] = login_time
             print "33[1;32;40mwelcome back33[0m", name
         else:
             print "33[1;31;40mlogin incorrect33[0m"
    
     def md5_digest(plain_pass):
        return md5.new(plain_pass).hexdigest()
    
     def showmenu():
         #print '>>>', db
         global db
         prompt = """
     (N)ew User Login
     (E)xisting User Login
     (Q)uit
     Enter choice: """
         done = False
         while not done:
             chosen = False
             while not chosen:
                 try:
                     choice = raw_input(prompt).strip()[0].lower()
                 except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
                     choice = "q"
                 print "
    You picked: [%s]" % choice
                 if choice not in "neq":
                     print "invalid option, try again"
                 else:
                     chosen = True
    
             if choice == "q": done = True
             if choice == "n": newuser()
             if choice == "e": olduser()
         db.close()
    
     if __name__ == "__main__":
         showmenu()
     转自:https://www.cnblogs.com/frankzs/p/5949645.html
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/tylf-lk/p/10133475.html
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