• Deep learning:三十五(用NN实现数据降维练习)


      前言:

      本文是针对上篇博文Deep learning:三十四(用NN实现数据的降维)的练习部分,也就是Hition大牛science文章reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks的code部分,其code下载见:http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/MatlabForSciencePaper.html。花了点时间阅读并运行了下它的code,其实code主要是2个单独的工程。一个只是用MNIST数据库来进行深度的autoencoder压缩,用的是无监督学习,评价标准是重构误差值MSE。另一个工程是MNIST的手写字体识别,网络的预训练部分用的是无监督的,网络的微调部分用的是有监督的。评价标准准是识别率或者错误率。

      MINST降维实验:

      本次是训练4个隐含层的autoencoder深度网络结构,输入层维度为784维,4个隐含层维度分别为1000,500,250,30。整个网络权值的获得流程梳理如下:

    1. 首先训练第一个rbm网络,即输入层784维和第一个隐含层1000维构成的网络。采用的方法是rbm优化,这个过程用的是训练样本,优化完毕后,计算训练样本在隐含层的输出值。
    2. 利用1中的结果作为第2个rbm网络训练的输入值,同样用rbm网络来优化第2个rbm网络,并计算出网络的输出值。并且用同样的方法训练第3个rbm网络和第4个rbm网络。
    3. 将上面4个rbm网络展开连接成新的网络,且分成encoder和decoder部分。并用步骤1和2得到的网络值给这个新网络赋初值。
    4. 由于新网络中最后的输出和最初的输入节点数是相同的,所以可以将最初的输入值作为网络理论的输出标签值,然后采用BP算法计算网络的代价函数和代价函数的偏导数。
    5. 利用步骤3的初始值和步骤4的代价值和偏导值,采用共轭梯度下降法优化整个新网络,得到最终的网络权值。以上整个过程都是无监督的。

      一些matlab函数:

      rem和mod:

      参考资料取模(mod)与取余(rem)的区别——Matlab学习笔记

      通常取模运算也叫取余运算,它们返回结果都是余数.rem和mod唯一的区别在于:
      当x和y的正负号一样的时候,两个函数结果是等同的;当x和y的符号不同时,rem函数结果的符号和x的一样,而mod和y一样。这是由于这两个函数的生成机制不同,rem函数采用fix函数,而mod函数采用了floor函数(这两个函数是用来取整的,fix函数向0方向舍入,floor函数向无穷小方向舍入)。rem(x,y)命令返回的是x-n.*y,如果y不等于0,其中的n = fix(x./y),而mod(x,y)返回的是x-n.*y,当y不等于0时,n=floor(x./y)

      工程中的m文件:

      converter.m:

      实现的功能是将样本集从.ubyte格式转换成.ascii格式,然后继续转换成.mat格式。

      makebatches.m:

      实现的是将原本的2维数据集变成3维的,因为分了多个批次,另外1维表示的是批次。

      下面来看下在程序中大致实现RBM权值的优化步骤(假设是一个2层的RBM网络,即只有输入层和输出层,且这两层上的变量是二值变量):

    1. 随机给网络初始化一个权值矩阵w和偏置向量b。
    2. 对可视层输入矩阵v正向传播,计算出隐含层的输出矩阵h,并计算出输入v和h对应节点乘积的均值矩阵
    3. 此时2中的输出h为概率值,将它随机01化为二值变量。
    4. 利用3中01化了的h方向传播计算出可视层的矩阵v’.(按照道理,这个v'应该是要01化的)
    5. 对v’进行正向传播计算出隐含层的矩阵h’,并计算出v’和h’对应节点乘积的均值矩阵。
    6. 用2中得到的均值矩阵减掉5中得到的均值矩阵,其结果作为对应权值增量的矩阵。
    7. 结合其对应的学习率,利用权值迭代公式对权值进行迭代。
    8. 重复计算2到7,直至收敛。

      偏置值的优化步骤:

    1. 随机给网络初始化一个权值矩阵w和偏置向量b。
    2. 对可视层输入矩阵v正向传播,计算出隐含层的输出矩阵h,并计算v层样本的均值向量以及h层的均值向量。
    3. 此时2中的输出h为概率值,将它随机01化为二值变量。
    4. 利用3中01化了的h方向传播计算出可视层的矩阵v’.
    5. 对v’进行正向传播计算出隐含层的矩阵h’, 并计算v‘层样本的均值向量以及h’层的均值向量。
    6. 用2中得到的v方均值向量减掉5中得到的v’方的均值向量,其结果作为输入层v对应偏置的增值向量。用2中得到的h方均值向量减掉5中得到的h’方的均值向量,其结果作为输入层h对应偏置的增值向量。
    7. 结合其对应的学习率,利用权值迭代公式对偏置值进行迭代。
    8. 重复计算2到7,直至收敛。

      当然了,权值更新和偏置值更新每次迭代都是同时进行的,所以应该是同时收敛的。并且在权值更新公式也可以稍微作下变形,比如加入momentum变量,即本次权值更新的增量会保留一部分上次更新权值的增量值。

      函数CG_MNIST形式如下:

      function [f, df] = CG_MNIST(VV,Dim,XX);

      该函数实现的功能是计算网络代价函数值f,以及f对网络中各个参数值的偏导数df,权值和偏置值是同时处理。其中参数VV为网络中所有参数构成的列向量,参数Dim为每层网络的节点数构成的向量,XX为训练样本集合。f和df分别表示网络的代价函数和偏导函数值。 

      共轭梯度下降的优化函数形式为:

      [X, fX, i] = minimize(X, f, length, P1, P2, P3, ... )

      该函数时使用共轭梯度的方法来对参数X进行优化,所以X是网络的参数值,为一个列向量。f是一个函数的名称,它主要是用来计算网络中的代价函数以及代价函数对各个参数X的偏导函数,f的参数值分别为X,以及minimize函数后面的P1,P2,P3,…使用共轭梯度法进行优化的最大线性搜索长度为length。返回值X为找到的最优参数,fX为在此最优参数X下的代价函数,i为线性搜索的长度(即迭代的次数)。

      实验结果:

      由于在实验过程中,作者将迭代次数设置为200,本人在实验时发现迭代到35次时已经花了6个多小时,所以懒得等那么久了(需长达30多个小时),此时的原始数字和重构数字显示如下:

       

      均方误差结果为:

      Train squared error:  4.318

      Test squared error:  4.520

      实验主要部分代码及注释:

    mnistdeepauto.m:

    clear all
    close all
    
    maxepoch=10; %In the Science paper we use maxepoch=50, but it works just fine. 
    numhid=1000; numpen=500; numpen2=250; numopen=30;
    
    fprintf(1,'Converting Raw files into Matlab format \n');
    converter; % 转换数据为matlab的格式
    
    fprintf(1,'Pretraining a deep autoencoder. \n');
    fprintf(1,'The Science paper used 50 epochs. This uses %3i \n', maxepoch);
    
    makebatches;
    [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);
    
    fprintf(1,'Pretraining Layer 1 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numdims,numhid);
    restart=1;
    rbm;
    hidrecbiases=hidbiases; %hidbiases为隐含层的偏置值
    save mnistvh vishid hidrecbiases visbiases;%保持每层的变量,分别为权值,隐含层偏置值,可视层偏置值
    
    fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 2 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numhid,numpen);
    batchdata=batchposhidprobs;%batchposhidprobs为第一个rbm的输出概率值
    numhid=numpen;
    restart=1;
    rbm;% 第2个rbm的训练
    hidpen=vishid; penrecbiases=hidbiases; hidgenbiases=visbiases;
    save mnisthp hidpen penrecbiases hidgenbiases;%mnisthp为所保存的文件名
    
    fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 3 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numpen,numpen2);
    batchdata=batchposhidprobs;
    numhid=numpen2;
    restart=1;
    rbm;
    hidpen2=vishid; penrecbiases2=hidbiases; hidgenbiases2=visbiases;%第3个rbm
    save mnisthp2 hidpen2 penrecbiases2 hidgenbiases2;
    
    fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 4 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numpen2,numopen);
    batchdata=batchposhidprobs;
    numhid=numopen; 
    restart=1;
    rbmhidlinear;
    hidtop=vishid; toprecbiases=hidbiases; topgenbiases=visbiases;%第4个rbm
    save mnistpo hidtop toprecbiases topgenbiases;
    
    backprop; 

    rbm.m:

    epsilonw      = 0.1;   % Learning rate for weights 
    epsilonvb     = 0.1;   % Learning rate for biases of visible units 
    epsilonhb     = 0.1;   % Learning rate for biases of hidden units %由此可见这里隐含层和可视层的偏置值不是共用的,当然了,其权值是共用的
    weightcost  = 0.0002;   
    initialmomentum  = 0.5;
    finalmomentum    = 0.9;
    
    [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);%[100,784,600]
    
    if restart ==1,
      restart=0;
      epoch=1;
    
    % Initializing symmetric weights and biases. 
      vishid     = 0.1*randn(numdims, numhid); %权值初始值随便给,784*1000
      hidbiases  = zeros(1,numhid); %偏置值初始化为0
      visbiases  = zeros(1,numdims);
    
      poshidprobs = zeros(numcases,numhid);%100*1000,单个batch正向传播时隐含层的输出概率
      neghidprobs = zeros(numcases,numhid);
      posprods    = zeros(numdims,numhid);%784*1000
      negprods    = zeros(numdims,numhid);
      vishidinc  = zeros(numdims,numhid);
      hidbiasinc = zeros(1,numhid);
      visbiasinc = zeros(1,numdims);
      batchposhidprobs=zeros(numcases,numhid,numbatches);% 整个数据正向传播时隐含层的输出概率
    end
    
    for epoch = epoch:maxepoch, %总共迭代10次
     fprintf(1,'epoch %d\r',epoch); 
     errsum=0;
     for batch = 1:numbatches, %每次迭代都有遍历所有的batch
     fprintf(1,'epoch %d batch %d\r',epoch,batch);
    
    %%%%%%%%% START POSITIVE PHASE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
      data = batchdata(:,:,batch);% 每次迭代都需要取出一个batch的数据,每一行代表一个样本值(这里的数据是double的,不是01的,严格的说后面应将其01化)
      poshidprobs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*vishid - repmat(hidbiases,numcases,1)));% 样本正向传播时隐含层节点的输出概率    
      batchposhidprobs(:,:,batch)=poshidprobs;
      posprods    = data' * poshidprobs;%784*1000,这个是求系统的能量值用的,矩阵中每个元素表示对应的可视层节点和隐含层节点的乘积(包含此次样本的数据对应值的累加)
      poshidact   = sum(poshidprobs);%针对样本值进行求和
      posvisact = sum(data);
    
    %%%%%%%%% END OF POSITIVE PHASE  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
      poshidstates = poshidprobs > rand(numcases,numhid); %将隐含层数据01化(此步骤在posprods之后进行),按照概率值大小来判定.
                                    %rand(m,n)为产生m*n大小的矩阵,矩阵中元素为(0,1)之间的均匀分布。
    %%%%%%%%% START NEGATIVE PHASE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% negdata = 1./(1 + exp(-poshidstates*vishid' - repmat(visbiases,numcases,1)));% 反向进行时的可视层数据 neghidprobs = 1./(1 + exp(-negdata*vishid - repmat(hidbiases,numcases,1)));% 反向进行后又马上正向传播的隐含层概率值 negprods = negdata'*neghidprobs;% 同理也是计算能量值用的,784*1000 neghidact = sum(neghidprobs); negvisact = sum(negdata); %%%%%%%%% END OF NEGATIVE PHASE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% err= sum(sum( (data-negdata).^2 ));% 重构后的差值 errsum = err + errsum; % 变量errsum只是用来输出每次迭代时的误差而已 if epoch>5, momentum=finalmomentum;%0.5,momentum为保持上一次权值更新增量的比例,如果迭代次数越少,则这个比例值可以稍微大一点 else momentum=initialmomentum;%0.9 end; %%%%%%%%% UPDATE WEIGHTS AND BIASES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% vishidinc = momentum*vishidinc + ... %vishidinc 784*1000,权值更新时的增量; epsilonw*( (posprods-negprods)/numcases - weightcost*vishid); %posprods/numcases求的是正向传播时vihj的期望,同理negprods/numcases是逆向重构时它们的期望 visbiasinc = momentum*visbiasinc + (epsilonvb/numcases)*(posvisact-negvisact); %这3个都是按照权值更新公式来的 hidbiasinc = momentum*hidbiasinc + (epsilonhb/numcases)*(poshidact-neghidact); vishid = vishid + vishidinc; visbiases = visbiases + visbiasinc; hidbiases = hidbiases + hidbiasinc; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF UPDATES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end fprintf(1, 'epoch %4i error %6.1f \n', epoch, errsum); end;

    CG_MNIST.m:

    function [f, df] = CG_MNIST(VV,Dim,XX);
    
    l1 = Dim(1);
    l2 = Dim(2);
    l3 = Dim(3);
    l4= Dim(4);
    l5= Dim(5);
    l6= Dim(6);
    l7= Dim(7);
    l8= Dim(8);
    l9= Dim(9);
    N = size(XX,1);% 样本的个数
    
    % Do decomversion.
     w1 = reshape(VV(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2);% VV是一个长的列向量,这里取出的向量已经包括了偏置值
     xxx = (l1+1)*l2; %xxx 表示已经使用了的长度
     w2 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3);
     xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3;
     w3 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4);
     xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4;
     w4 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5);
     xxx = xxx+(l4+1)*l5;
     w5 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l5+1)*l6),l5+1,l6);
     xxx = xxx+(l5+1)*l6;
     w6 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l6+1)*l7),l6+1,l7);
     xxx = xxx+(l6+1)*l7;
     w7 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l7+1)*l8),l7+1,l8);
     xxx = xxx+(l7+1)*l8;
     w8 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l8+1)*l9),l8+1,l9);% 上面一系列步骤完成权值的矩阵化
    
    
      XX = [XX ones(N,1)];
      w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-XX*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];
      w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];
      w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];
      w4probs = w3probs*w4; w4probs = [w4probs  ones(N,1)];
      w5probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w4probs*w5)); w5probs = [w5probs  ones(N,1)];
      w6probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w5probs*w6)); w6probs = [w6probs  ones(N,1)];
      w7probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w6probs*w7)); w7probs = [w7probs  ones(N,1)];
      XXout = 1./(1 + exp(-w7probs*w8));
    
    f = -1/N*sum(sum( XX(:,1:end-1).*log(XXout) + (1-XX(:,1:end-1)).*log(1-XXout)));%原始数据和重构数据的交叉熵
    IO = 1/N*(XXout-XX(:,1:end-1));
    Ix8=IO; 
    dw8 =  w7probs'*Ix8;%输出层的误差项,但是这个公式怎么和以前介绍的不同,因为它的误差评价标准是交叉熵,不是MSE
    
    Ix7 = (Ix8*w8').*w7probs.*(1-w7probs); 
    Ix7 = Ix7(:,1:end-1);
    dw7 =  w6probs'*Ix7;
    
    Ix6 = (Ix7*w7').*w6probs.*(1-w6probs); 
    Ix6 = Ix6(:,1:end-1);
    dw6 =  w5probs'*Ix6;
    
    Ix5 = (Ix6*w6').*w5probs.*(1-w5probs); 
    Ix5 = Ix5(:,1:end-1);
    dw5 =  w4probs'*Ix5;
    
    Ix4 = (Ix5*w5');
    Ix4 = Ix4(:,1:end-1);
    dw4 =  w3probs'*Ix4;
    
    Ix3 = (Ix4*w4').*w3probs.*(1-w3probs); 
    Ix3 = Ix3(:,1:end-1);
    dw3 =  w2probs'*Ix3;
    
    Ix2 = (Ix3*w3').*w2probs.*(1-w2probs); 
    Ix2 = Ix2(:,1:end-1);
    dw2 =  w1probs'*Ix2;
    
    Ix1 = (Ix2*w2').*w1probs.*(1-w1probs); 
    Ix1 = Ix1(:,1:end-1);
    dw1 =  XX'*Ix1;
    
    df = [dw1(:)' dw2(:)' dw3(:)' dw4(:)' dw5(:)' dw6(:)'  dw7(:)'  dw8(:)'  ]'; %网络代价函数的偏导数

    backprop.m:

    maxepoch=200;%迭代35次就用了6个多小时,200次要30多个小时,太长时间了,就没让它继续运行了
    fprintf(1,'\nFine-tuning deep autoencoder by minimizing cross entropy error. \n');%其微调通过最小化交叉熵来实现
    fprintf(1,'60 batches of 1000 cases each. \n');
    
    load mnistvh% 分别download4个rbm的参数
    load mnisthp
    load mnisthp2
    load mnistpo 
    
    makebatches;
    [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);
    N=numcases; 
    
    %%%% PREINITIALIZE WEIGHTS OF THE AUTOENCODER %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    w1=[vishid; hidrecbiases];%分别装载每层的权值和偏置值,将它们作为一个整体
    w2=[hidpen; penrecbiases];
    w3=[hidpen2; penrecbiases2];
    w4=[hidtop; toprecbiases];
    w5=[hidtop'; topgenbiases]; 
    w6=[hidpen2'; hidgenbiases2]; 
    w7=[hidpen'; hidgenbiases]; 
    w8=[vishid'; visbiases];
    
    %%%%%%%%%% END OF PREINITIALIZATIO OF WEIGHTS  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
    l1=size(w1,1)-1;%每个网络层中节点的个数
    l2=size(w2,1)-1;
    l3=size(w3,1)-1;
    l4=size(w4,1)-1;
    l5=size(w5,1)-1;
    l6=size(w6,1)-1;
    l7=size(w7,1)-1;
    l8=size(w8,1)-1;
    l9=l1; %输出层节点和输入层的一样
    test_err=[];
    train_err=[];
    
    
    for epoch = 1:maxepoch
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TRAINING RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    err=0; 
    [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);
    N=numcases;
     for batch = 1:numbatches
      data = [batchdata(:,:,batch)];
      data = [data ones(N,1)];% b补上一维,因为有偏置项
      w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];%正向传播,计算每一层的输出,且同时在输出上增加一维(值为常量1)
      w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];
      w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];
      w4probs = w3probs*w4; w4probs = [w4probs  ones(N,1)];
      w5probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w4probs*w5)); w5probs = [w5probs  ones(N,1)];
      w6probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w5probs*w6)); w6probs = [w6probs  ones(N,1)];
      w7probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w6probs*w7)); w7probs = [w7probs  ones(N,1)];
      dataout = 1./(1 + exp(-w7probs*w8));
      err= err +  1/N*sum(sum( (data(:,1:end-1)-dataout).^2 )); %重构的误差值
      end
     train_err(epoch)=err/numbatches;%总的误差值(训练样本上)
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TRAINING RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
    %%%% DISPLAY FIGURE TOP ROW REAL DATA BOTTOM ROW RECONSTRUCTIONS %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    fprintf(1,'Displaying in figure 1: Top row - real data, Bottom row -- reconstructions \n');
    output=[];
     for ii=1:15
      output = [output data(ii,1:end-1)' dataout(ii,:)'];%output为15(因为是显示15个数字)组,每组2列,分别为理论值和重构值
     end
       if epoch==1 
       close all 
       figure('Position',[100,600,1000,200]);
       else 
       figure(1)
       end 
       mnistdisp(output);
       drawnow;
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TEST RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    [testnumcases testnumdims testnumbatches]=size(testbatchdata);
    N=testnumcases;
    err=0;
    for batch = 1:testnumbatches
      data = [testbatchdata(:,:,batch)];
      data = [data ones(N,1)];
      w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];
      w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];
      w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];
      w4probs = w3probs*w4; w4probs = [w4probs  ones(N,1)];
      w5probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w4probs*w5)); w5probs = [w5probs  ones(N,1)];
      w6probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w5probs*w6)); w6probs = [w6probs  ones(N,1)];
      w7probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w6probs*w7)); w7probs = [w7probs  ones(N,1)];
      dataout = 1./(1 + exp(-w7probs*w8));
      err = err +  1/N*sum(sum( (data(:,1:end-1)-dataout).^2 ));
      end
     test_err(epoch)=err/testnumbatches;
     fprintf(1,'Before epoch %d Train squared error: %6.3f Test squared error: %6.3f \t \t \n',epoch,train_err(epoch),test_err(epoch));
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TEST RECONSTRUCTION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
     tt=0;
     for batch = 1:numbatches/10 %测试样本numbatches是100
     fprintf(1,'epoch %d batch %d\r',epoch,batch);
    
    %%%%%%%%%%% COMBINE 10 MINIBATCHES INTO 1 LARGER MINIBATCH %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
     tt=tt+1; 
     data=[];
     for kk=1:10
      data=[data 
            batchdata(:,:,(tt-1)*10+kk)]; 
     end 
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PERFORM CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%共轭梯度线性搜索
      max_iter=3;
      VV = [w1(:)' w2(:)' w3(:)' w4(:)' w5(:)' w6(:)' w7(:)' w8(:)']';% 把所有权值(已经包括了偏置值)变成一个大的列向量
      Dim = [l1; l2; l3; l4; l5; l6; l7; l8; l9];%每层网络对应节点的个数(不包括偏置值)
    
      [X, fX] = minimize(VV,'CG_MNIST',max_iter,Dim,data);
    
      w1 = reshape(X(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2);
      xxx = (l1+1)*l2;
      w2 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3);
      xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3;
      w3 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4);
      xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4;
      w4 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5);
      xxx = xxx+(l4+1)*l5;
      w5 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l5+1)*l6),l5+1,l6);
      xxx = xxx+(l5+1)*l6;
      w6 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l6+1)*l7),l6+1,l7);
      xxx = xxx+(l6+1)*l7;
      w7 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l7+1)*l8),l7+1,l8);
      xxx = xxx+(l7+1)*l8;
      w8 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l8+1)*l9),l8+1,l9); %依次重新赋值为优化后的参数
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
     end
    
     save mnist_weights w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 
     save mnist_error test_err train_err;
    
    end

     

      MINST识别实验:

      MINST手写数字库的识别部分和前面的降维部分其实很相似。首先它也是预训练整个网络,只不过在MINST识别时,预训练的网络部分需要包括输出softmax部分,且这部分预训练时是用的有监督方法的。在微调部分的不同体现在:MINST降维部分是用的无监督方法,即数据的标签为原始的输入数据。而MINST识别部分数据的标签为训练样本的实际标签

      在进行MINST手写数字体识别的时候,需要计算加入了softmax部分的网络的代价函数,作者的程序中给出了2个函数。其中第一个函数用于预训练softmax分类器:

      function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY_INIT(VV,Dim,w3probs,target);

      该函数是专门针对softmax分类器那部分预训练用的,因为一开始的rbm预训练部分没有包括输出层softmax网络。输入参数VV表示整个网络的权值向量(也包括了softmax那一部分),Dim为sofmmax对应部分的2层网络节点个数的向量,w3probs为训练softmax所用的样本集,target为对应样本集的标签。f和df分别为softmax网络的代价函数和代价函数的偏导数。

      另一个才是真正的计算网络微调的代价函数:

      function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY(VV,Dim,XX,target);

      函数输入值VV代表网络的参数向量,Dim为每层网络的节点数向量,XX为训练样本集,target为训练样本集的标签,f和df分别为整个网络的代价函数以及代价函数的偏导数。

      实验结果:

      作者采用的1个输入层,3个隐含层和一个softmax分类层的输出层,网络的节点数依次为:784-500-500-2000-10。

      其最终识别的错误率为:1.2%.

      实验主要部分代码及注释:

    mnistclassify.m:

    clear all
    close all
    
    maxepoch=50; 
    numhid=500; numpen=500; numpen2=2000; 
    
    fprintf(1,'Converting Raw files into Matlab format \n');
    converter; 
    
    fprintf(1,'Pretraining a deep autoencoder. \n');
    fprintf(1,'The Science paper used 50 epochs. This uses %3i \n', maxepoch);
    
    makebatches;
    [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);
    
    fprintf(1,'Pretraining Layer 1 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numdims,numhid);
    restart=1;
    rbm;
    hidrecbiases=hidbiases; 
    save mnistvhclassify vishid hidrecbiases visbiases;%mnistvhclassify为第一层网络的权值保存的文件名
    
    fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 2 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numhid,numpen);
    batchdata=batchposhidprobs;
    numhid=numpen;
    restart=1;
    rbm;
    hidpen=vishid; penrecbiases=hidbiases; hidgenbiases=visbiases;
    save mnisthpclassify hidpen penrecbiases hidgenbiases;%mnisthpclassify和前面类似,第2层网络的
    
    fprintf(1,'\nPretraining Layer 3 with RBM: %d-%d \n',numpen,numpen2);
    batchdata=batchposhidprobs;
    numhid=numpen2;
    restart=1;
    rbm;
    hidpen2=vishid; penrecbiases2=hidbiases; hidgenbiases2=visbiases;
    save mnisthp2classify hidpen2 penrecbiases2 hidgenbiases2;
    
    backpropclassify; 

    backpropclassify.m:

    maxepoch=200;
    fprintf(1,'\nTraining discriminative model on MNIST by minimizing cross entropy error. \n');
    fprintf(1,'60 batches of 1000 cases each. \n');
    
    load mnistvhclassify %载入3个rbm网络的预训练好了的权值
    load mnisthpclassify
    load mnisthp2classify
    
    makebatches;
    [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);
    N=numcases; 
    
    %%%% PREINITIALIZE WEIGHTS OF THE DISCRIMINATIVE MODEL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
    w1=[vishid; hidrecbiases];
    w2=[hidpen; penrecbiases];
    w3=[hidpen2; penrecbiases2];
    w_class = 0.1*randn(size(w3,2)+1,10); %因为要分类,所以最后一层直接输出10个节点,类似softmax分类器
     
    
    %%%%%%%%%% END OF PREINITIALIZATIO OF WEIGHTS  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
    l1=size(w1,1)-1;
    l2=size(w2,1)-1;
    l3=size(w3,1)-1;
    l4=size(w_class,1)-1;
    l5=10; 
    test_err=[];
    train_err=[];
    
    
    for epoch = 1:maxepoch %200
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TRAINING MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    err=0; 
    err_cr=0;
    counter=0;
    [numcases numdims numbatches]=size(batchdata);
    N=numcases;
     for batch = 1:numbatches
      data = [batchdata(:,:,batch)];
      target = [batchtargets(:,:,batch)];
      data = [data ones(N,1)];
      w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];
      w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];
      w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];
      targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);
      targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10); %softmax分类器
    
      [I J]=max(targetout,[],2);%J是索引值
      [I1 J1]=max(target,[],2);
      counter=counter+length(find(J==J1));% length(find(J==J1))表示为预测值和网络输出值相等的个数
      err_cr = err_cr- sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ;
     end
     train_err(epoch)=(numcases*numbatches-counter);%每次迭代的训练误差
     train_crerr(epoch)=err_cr/numbatches;
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TRAINING MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTE TEST MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    err=0;
    err_cr=0;
    counter=0;
    [testnumcases testnumdims testnumbatches]=size(testbatchdata);
    N=testnumcases;
    for batch = 1:testnumbatches
      data = [testbatchdata(:,:,batch)];
      target = [testbatchtargets(:,:,batch)];
      data = [data ones(N,1)];
      w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-data*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];
      w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];
      w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];
      targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);
      targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10);
    
      [I J]=max(targetout,[],2);
      [I1 J1]=max(target,[],2);
      counter=counter+length(find(J==J1));
      err_cr = err_cr- sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ;
    end
     test_err(epoch)=(testnumcases*testnumbatches-counter); %测试样本的误差,这都是在预训练基础上得到的结果
     test_crerr(epoch)=err_cr/testnumbatches;
     fprintf(1,'Before epoch %d Train # misclassified: %d (from %d). Test # misclassified: %d (from %d) \t \t \n',...
                epoch,train_err(epoch),numcases*numbatches,test_err(epoch),testnumcases*testnumbatches);
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF COMPUTING TEST MISCLASSIFICATION ERROR %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
     tt=0;
     for batch = 1:numbatches/10
     fprintf(1,'epoch %d batch %d\r',epoch,batch);
    
    %%%%%%%%%%% COMBINE 10 MINIBATCHES INTO 1 LARGER MINIBATCH %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
     tt=tt+1; 
     data=[];
     targets=[]; 
     for kk=1:10
      data=[data 
            batchdata(:,:,(tt-1)*10+kk)]; 
      targets=[targets
            batchtargets(:,:,(tt-1)*10+kk)];
     end 
    
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% PERFORM CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
      max_iter=3;
    
      if epoch<6  % First update top-level weights holding other weights fixed. 前6次迭代都是针对softmax部分的预训练
        N = size(data,1);
        XX = [data ones(N,1)];
        w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-XX*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];
        w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];
        w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); %w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];
    
        VV = [w_class(:)']';
        Dim = [l4; l5];
        [X, fX] = minimize(VV,'CG_CLASSIFY_INIT',max_iter,Dim,w3probs,targets);
        w_class = reshape(X,l4+1,l5);
    
      else
        VV = [w1(:)' w2(:)' w3(:)' w_class(:)']';
        Dim = [l1; l2; l3; l4; l5];
        [X, fX] = minimize(VV,'CG_CLASSIFY',max_iter,Dim,data,targets);
    
        w1 = reshape(X(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2);
        xxx = (l1+1)*l2;
        w2 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3);
        xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3;
        w3 = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4);
        xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4;
        w_class = reshape(X(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5);
    
      end
    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END OF CONJUGATE GRADIENT WITH 3 LINESEARCHES %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    
     end
    
     save mnistclassify_weights w1 w2 w3 w_class
     save mnistclassify_error test_err test_crerr train_err train_crerr;
    
    end

    CG_CLASSIFY_INIT.m:

    function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY_INIT(VV,Dim,w3probs,target);%只有2层网络
    l1 = Dim(1);
    l2 = Dim(2);
    N = size(w3probs,1);%N为训练样本的个数
    % Do decomversion.
      w_class = reshape(VV,l1+1,l2);
      w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];  
    
      targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);
      targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10);
      f = -sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ;%f位softmax分类器的误差函数
    IO = (targetout-target(:,1:end));
    Ix_class=IO; 
    dw_class =  w3probs'*Ix_class; %偏导值
    
    df = [dw_class(:)']'; 

    CG_CLASSIFY.m:

    function [f, df] = CG_CLASSIFY(VV,Dim,XX,target);
    
    l1 = Dim(1);
    l2 = Dim(2);
    l3= Dim(3);
    l4= Dim(4);
    l5= Dim(5);
    N = size(XX,1);
    
    % Do decomversion.
     w1 = reshape(VV(1:(l1+1)*l2),l1+1,l2);
     xxx = (l1+1)*l2;
     w2 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l2+1)*l3),l2+1,l3);
     xxx = xxx+(l2+1)*l3;
     w3 = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l3+1)*l4),l3+1,l4);
     xxx = xxx+(l3+1)*l4;
     w_class = reshape(VV(xxx+1:xxx+(l4+1)*l5),l4+1,l5);
    
    
      XX = [XX ones(N,1)];
      w1probs = 1./(1 + exp(-XX*w1)); w1probs = [w1probs  ones(N,1)];
      w2probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w1probs*w2)); w2probs = [w2probs ones(N,1)];
      w3probs = 1./(1 + exp(-w2probs*w3)); w3probs = [w3probs  ones(N,1)];
    
      targetout = exp(w3probs*w_class);
      targetout = targetout./repmat(sum(targetout,2),1,10);
      f = -sum(sum( target(:,1:end).*log(targetout))) ;
    
    IO = (targetout-target(:,1:end));
    Ix_class=IO; 
    dw_class =  w3probs'*Ix_class; 
    
    Ix3 = (Ix_class*w_class').*w3probs.*(1-w3probs);
    Ix3 = Ix3(:,1:end-1);
    dw3 =  w2probs'*Ix3;
    
    Ix2 = (Ix3*w3').*w2probs.*(1-w2probs); 
    Ix2 = Ix2(:,1:end-1);
    dw2 =  w1probs'*Ix2;
    
    Ix1 = (Ix2*w2').*w1probs.*(1-w1probs); 
    Ix1 = Ix1(:,1:end-1);
    dw1 =  XX'*Ix1;
    
    df = [dw1(:)' dw2(:)' dw3(:)' dw_class(:)']'; 

     

       实验总结:

       1. 终于阅读了一个RBM的源码了,以前看那些各种公式的理论,现在有了对应的code,读对应的code起来就是爽!

       2. 这里由于用的是整个图片进行训练(不是用的它们的patch部分),所以没有对应的convolution和pooling,因此预训练网络结构时下一个rbm网络的输入就是上一个rbm网络的输出,且当没有加入softmax时的微调阶段用的依旧是无监督的学习(此时的标签依旧为原始的输入数据);而当加入了softmax后的微调部分用的就是训练样本的真实标签了,因为此时需要进行分类。

       3. 深度越深,则网络的微调时间越长,需要很多时间收敛,即使是进行了预训练。

       4. 暂时还没弄懂要是针对大图片采用covolution训练时,第二层网络的数据来源是什么,有可能和上面的一样,是上层网络的输出(但是此时微调怎么办呢,不用标签数据?)也有可能是大图片经过第一层网络covolution,pooling后的输出值(如果是这样的话,网络的代价函数就不好弄了,因为里面有convolution和pooling操作)。

      参考资料:

         Deep learning:三十四(用NN实现数据的降维)

      reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks

         http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/MatlabForSciencePaper.html

         取模(mod)与取余(rem)的区别——Matlab学习笔记

    作者:tornadomeet 出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/tornadomeet 欢迎转载或分享,但请务必声明文章出处。 (新浪微博:tornadomeet,欢迎交流!)
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/tornadomeet/p/3052349.html
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