• FunDA(5)- Reactive Streams:Play with Iteratees


        FunDA的设计目标就是把后台数据库中的数据搬到内存里,然后进行包括并行运算的数据处理,最后可能再对后台数据库进行更新。如果需要把数据搬到内存的话,那我们就必须考虑内存是否能一次性容纳所有的数据,有必要配合数据处理分部逐步读入,这就是Reactive Stream规范主要目的之一。所以在设计FunDA的数据源(Source)之前必须要考虑实现reacive-data-stream。Slick 3.x版在功能上的突破之一就是实现了对Reactive-Stream API的支持。遗憾的是新版的Slick并没有提供针对data-stream的具体操作函数,官方文档提到可以通过akka-stream或者Play-Iteratee-Reactive-Stream来实现对data-stream的处理操作。Slick是通过db.stream构建一个DatabasePublisher类型来实现Reactive-Stream接口的。Play则提供了stream.IterateeStreams.publisherToEnumerator(SlickDatabasePubliser)转换函数,能够把DatabasePublisher转成Reactive-Stream的数据源(Source)。Play是通过Iteratee来实现对Reactive-Stream的处理操作。我们就在这节讨论一下有关Iteratee的一些原理。在示范前我们必须在build.sbt中增加依赖:"com.typesafe.play" % "play-iteratees-reactive-streams_2.11" % "2.6.0"。所谓Reactive从字面来解释就是互动。Reacive-Stream是指数据产生方(producer)和数据使用方(consumer)之间的互动。大体上是producer通知consumer数据准备完毕可以读取、consumer通知producer读取数据的具体状态,提示是否可以发送数据。下面我们就把Reactive-Stream的基础原理给大家介绍一下:一般我们需要从一个Stream里获取数据时,可以用下面这个界面的read:

    trait InputStream {
      def read(): Byte
    }

    这是一种典型的同步操作:read会占用线程直到获取这个Byte。我们可以用callback函数形式来解决这个问题:把一个读取函数传给目标Stream,以一种被动形式来获取这个Byte: 

    trait InputStreamHandler {
      def onByte(byte: Byte)
    }

    我们想办法把onByte传给Stream作为一种callback函数。当Stream有了Byte后调用这个onByte函数,在这个onByte函数里是收到Byte后应该进行的运算。不过收到这个Byte代表我们程序状态的一个转变,所以我们可以把上面这个界面写成函数式的:

    trait InputStreamHandler {
      def onByte(byte: Byte): InputStreamHandler
    }

    由于状态可能转变,所以我们把当前这个有变化的对象传出来。下面是一个界面实现的例子:

    class consume(data: Seq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler {
      def onByte(byte: Byte) = new consume(data :+ byte)
    }

    这个例子里我们把读取的Byte汇集到一个Seq里。但是假如Stream准备好了数据后调用我们的callback函数onByte,而我们无法立即完成函数内的运算,导致调用方线程阻塞,影响整个Stream的运转。我们可以用Future来解决这个问题:

    trait InputStreamHandle {
      def onByte(byte: Byte): Future[InputStreamHandle]
    }

    这样调用方可以立即返回了。不过,调用方如何把数据发送状态通知数据读取方呢?比如已经完成所有数据发送。我们需要把调用方返回的数据再细化点:

    trait Input[+E]
    case class EL[E](e: E) extends Input[E]
    case object EOF extends Input[Nothing]
    case object Empty extends Input[Nothing]

    现在这个返回数据是个Input[E]了,是带状态的。返回数据具体类型EL,EOF,Empty从字面就可以理解它们代表的状态了。我们的界面变成了这样:

    trait InputStreamHandler[E] {
      def onInput(input: Input[E]): Future[InputStreamHandler[E]]
    }

    界面实现例子变成下面这样:

    class consume(data: Seq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler[Byte] {
      def onInput(input: Input[Byte]) = input match {
         case EL(byte) => Future.successful(new consume(data :+ byte))
         case _ => Future.successful(this)
      }
    }

    上面这个例子中返回Future很是别扭,我们可以这样改善界面InputStreamHandler定义:

    trait InputStreamHandler[E] {
      def onByte[B](cont: (Input[E] => InputStreamHandler[E]) => Future[B]): Future[B]
    }

    现在我们可以这样实现那个例子:

    class consume(data: Seq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler[Byte] {
      def onByte[B](cont: (Input[Byte] => InputStreamHandler[Byte]) => Future[B]) = cont {
         case EL(byte) => new consume(data :+ byte)
         case _ => this
      }
    }

    现在用起来顺手多了吧。从上面这些例子中我们可以得出一种“推式”流模式(push-model-stream): 由目标stream向读取方推送数据。但Reactive-Stream应该还具备反向通告机制,比如读取方如何通知目标stream已经完成读取操作或者暂时无法再接受数据、又或者可以接受数据了。

    现在我们对Reactive-Streams有了个大概的印象:这个模式由两方组成,分别是:数据源(在push-model中就是数据发送方)以及数据消耗方,分别对应了Iteratee模式的Enumerator和Iteratee。也就是说:Enumerator负责发送,Iteratee负责接收。用Iteratee实现Reactive-Streams时必须实现Enumerator和Iteratee之间的双向通告机制。实际上Iteratee描述了如何消耗Enumerator传过来的数据:比如把数据串接起来(concat)或者相加汇总等。在消耗数据的过程中Iteratee也必须负责与Enumerator沟通以保证数据传输的顺利进行。那么Iteratee又应该如何与Enumerator沟通呢?为了实现这种沟通功能,我们再设计一个trait:

    trait Step[E,+A]
    case class Done[+A,E](a: A, remain: Input[E]) extends Step[E,A]
    case class Cont[E,+A](k: Input[E] => InputStreamHandler[E,A]) extends Step[E,A]
    case class Error[E](msg: String, loc:Input[E]) extends Step[E,Nothing]

    Step代表Iteratee的操作状态:Done代表完成,返回运算结果A,remain是剩余的输入、Cont代表可以用k来获取数据、Error返回错误信息msg以及出错地点loc。现在我们可以重新定义InputStreamHandler:

    trait InputStreamHandler[E,A] {
      def onInput[A](step: Step[E,A] => Future[A]): Future[A]
    }

    界面实现例子Consume如下:

    class Consume(data: Seq[Byte]) extends InputStreamHandler[Byte,Seq[Byte]] {
      def onInput(step: Step[Byte,Seq[Byte]] => Future[Seq[Byte]]) = step(Cont {
        case EL(byte) => new Consume(data :+ byte)
        case EOF => new InputStreamHandler[Byte,Seq[Byte]] {
          def onInput(step: Step[Byte,Seq[Byte]] => Future[Seq[Byte]]) = step(Done(data,Empty)) 
        }
        case Empty => this
      })
    }

    这个版本最大的区别在于当收到Stream发送的EOF信号后返回Done通知完成操作,可以使用运算结果data了。这个InputStreamHandler就是个Iteratee,它描述了如何使用(消耗)接收到的数据。我们可以把界面定义命名为下面这样:

    trait Iteratee[E,+A] {
      def onInput[B](folder: Step[E,A] => Future[B]): Future[B]
    }

    实际上Iteratee模式与下面这个函数很相像:

    def foldLeft[F[_],A,B](ax: F[A])(z: B)(f: (B,A) => B): B 

    F[A]是个数据源,我们不需要理会它是如何产生及发送数据的,我们只关注如何去处理收到的数据。在这个函数里(B,A)=>B就是具体的数据消耗方式。foldLeft代表了一种推式流模式(push-model-stream)。至于如何产生数据源,那就是Enumerator要考虑的了。

     好了,我们先看看Iteratee正式的类型款式:Iteratee[E,A],E是数据元素类型,A是运算结果类型。trait Iteratee 有一个抽象函数:

    /**
       * Computes a promised value B from the state of the Iteratee.
       *
       * The folder function will be run in the supplied ExecutionContext.
       * Exceptions thrown by the folder function will be stored in the
       * returned Promise.
       *
       * If the folder function itself is synchronous, it's better to
       * use `pureFold()` instead of `fold()`.
       *
       * @param folder a function that will be called on the current state of the iteratee
       * @param ec the ExecutionContext to run folder within
       * @return the result returned when folder is called
       */
      def fold[B](folder: Step[E, A] => Future[B])(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[B]

    不同功能的Iteratee就是通过定义不同的fold函数构成的。fold是个callback函数提供给Enumerator。folder的输入参数Step[E,A]代表了当前Iteratee的三种可能状态: 

    object Step {
      case class Done[+A, E](a: A, remaining: Input[E]) extends Step[E, A]
      case class Cont[E, +A](k: Input[E] => Iteratee[E, A]) extends Step[E, A]
      case class Error[E](msg: String, input: Input[E]) extends Step[E, Nothing]
    }

    当状态为Cont[E,A]时,Enumerator就会用这个k: Input[E]=> Iteratee[E,A]函数把Input[E]推送给Iteratee。我们从一个简单的Enumerator就可以看出:

      /**
       * Creates an enumerator which produces the one supplied
       * input and nothing else. This enumerator will NOT
       * automatically produce Input.EOF after the given input.
       */
      def enumInput[E](e: Input[E]) = new Enumerator[E] {
        def apply[A](i: Iteratee[E, A]): Future[Iteratee[E, A]] =
          i.fold {
            case Step.Cont(k) => eagerFuture(k(e))
            case _ => Future.successful(i)
          }(dec)
      }

    或者:

    /**
       * Create an Enumerator from a set of values
       *
       * Example:
       * {{{
       *   val enumerator: Enumerator[String] = Enumerator("kiki", "foo", "bar")
       * }}}
       */
      def apply[E](in: E*): Enumerator[E] = in.length match {
        case 0 => Enumerator.empty
        case 1 => new Enumerator[E] {
          def apply[A](i: Iteratee[E, A]): Future[Iteratee[E, A]] = i.pureFoldNoEC {
            case Step.Cont(k) => k(Input.El(in.head))
            case _ => i
          }
        }
        case _ => new Enumerator[E] {
          def apply[A](i: Iteratee[E, A]): Future[Iteratee[E, A]] = enumerateSeq(in, i)
        }
      }
    -----
    private def enumerateSeq[E, A]: (Seq[E], Iteratee[E, A]) => Future[Iteratee[E, A]] = { (l, i) =>
        l.foldLeft(Future.successful(i))((i, e) =>
          i.flatMap(it => it.pureFold {
            case Step.Cont(k) => k(Input.El(e))
            case _ => it
          }(dec))(dec))
      }

    我们可以通过定义fold函数来获取不同功能的Iteratee。下面就是一个直接返回恒量值Iteratee的定义过程:

    val doneIteratee = new Iteratee[String,Int] {
       def fold[B](folder: Step[String,Int] => Future[B])(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[B] = {
          folder(Step.Done(21,Input.EOF))
       }
    }

    这个Iteratee不会消耗任何输入,直接就返回21。实际上我们可以直接用Done.apply来构建这个doneIteratee:

    val doneIteratee = Done[String,Int](21,Input.Empty)

    我们也可以定义一个只消耗一个输入元素的Iteratee:

    val consumeOne = new Iteratee[String,String] {
       def fold[B](folder: Step[String,String] => Future[B])(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[B] = {
          folder(Step.Cont {
            case Input.EOF => Done("OK",Input.EOF)
            case Input.Empty => this
            case Input.El(e) => Done(e,Input.EOF)
          })
       }
    }

    同样,我们也可以用Cont构建器来构建这个consumeOne:

    val consumeOne1 = Cont[String,String](in => Done("OK",Input.EOF))

    从上面这些例子里我们可以推敲folder函数应该是在Enumerator里定义的,看看下面这个Enumerator例子:

    val enumerator = new Enumerator[String] {
        // some messages
        val items = 1 to 10 map (i => i.toString)
        var index = 0
    
        override def apply[A](i: Iteratee[String, A]): 
          Future[Iteratee[String, A]] = {
          i.fold(
          // the folder
          {
            step => {
              step match {
                // iteratee is done, so no more messages
                // to send
                case Step.Done(result, remaining) => {
                  println("Step.Done")
                  Future(i)
                }
    
                // iteratee can consume more
                case Step.Cont(k: (Input[String] => Iteratee[String, A])) 
                => {
                  println("Step.Cont")
                  // does enumerator have more messages ?
                  if (index < items.size) {
                    val item = items(index)
                    println(s"El($item)")
                    index += 1
    
                    // get new state of iteratee
                    val newIteratee = k(Input.El(item))
    
                    // recursive apply
                    apply(newIteratee)
                  } else {
                    println("EOF")
                    Future(k(Input.EOF))
                  }
                }
    
                // iteratee is in error state
                case Step.Error(message, input: Input[String]) => {
                  println("Step.Error")
                  Future(i)
                }
              }
            }
          })
        }
      }

    下面我们示范一个完整的例子: 

    val userIteratee = new Iteratee[String, Unit] {
      override def fold[B](folder: (Step[String, Unit]) => Future[B])
        (implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[B] = {
        // accumulator
        val buffer: ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer()
    
        // the step function
        def stepFn(in: Input[String]): Iteratee[String, Unit] = {
          in match {
            case Input.Empty => this
            case Input.EOF => Done({
              println(s"Result ${buffer.mkString("--")}")
            }, Input.Empty)
            case Input.El(el) => {
              buffer += el
              Cont(stepFn)
            }
          }
        }
    
        // initial state -> iteratee ready to accept input
        folder(Step.Cont(stepFn))
      }
    }            //> userIteratee  : play.api.libs.iteratee.Iteratee[String,Unit] = demo.worksheet.iteratee2$$anonfun$main$1$$anon$3@4f063c0a
    val usersEnum = Enumerator("Tiger","John","Jimmy","Kate","Chris")
                //> usersEnum  : play.api.libs.iteratee.Enumerator[String] = play.api.libs.iteratee.Enumerator$$anon$19@51cdd8a
    (usersEnum |>>> userIteratee)   //> Result Tiger--John--Jimmy--Kate--Chris res0: scala.concurrent.Future[Unit] = Success(())

    Enumerator usersEnum把输入推送给userIteratee、userIteratee在完成时直接把它们印了出来。在play-iterate库Iteratee对象里有个fold函数(Iteratee.fold)。这是个通用的函数,可以轻松实现上面这个userIteratee和其它的汇总功能Iteratee。Iteratee.fold函数款式如下: 

    def fold[E, A](state: A)(f: (A, E) => A): Iteratee[E, A]

    我们可以用这个fold函数来构建一个相似的Iteratee:

    val userIteratee2 = Iteratee.fold(List[String]())((st, el:String) => st :+ el)
        //> userIteratee2  : play.api.libs.iteratee.Iteratee[String,List[String]] = Cont(<function1>)
    (usersEnum |>>> userIteratee2).foreach {x => println(x)}
        //| List(Tiger, John, Jimmy, Kate, Chris)

    下面是另外两个用fold函数的例子:

    val inputLength: Iteratee[String,Int] = {
      Iteratee.fold[String,Int](0) { (length, chars) => length + chars.length }
               //> inputLength  : play.api.libs.iteratee.Iteratee[String,Int] = Cont(<function1>)
    }
    Await.result((usersEnum |>>> inputLength),Duration.Inf)
                                                      //> res1: Int = 23
    val consume: Iteratee[String,String] = {
      Iteratee.fold[String,String]("") { (result, chunk) => result ++ chunk }
              //> consume  : play.api.libs.iteratee.Iteratee[String,String] = Cont(<function1 >)
    }
    Await.result((usersEnum |>>> consume),Duration.Inf)
                                                      //> res2: String = TigerJohnJimmyKateChris

    从以上的练习里我们基本摸清了定义Iteratee的两种主要模式:

    1、构建新的Iteratee,重新定义fold函数,如上面的userIteratee及下面这个上传大型json文件的例子:

    object ReactiveFileUpload extends Controller {
      def upload = Action(BodyParser(rh => new CsvIteratee(isFirst = true))) {
        request =>
          Ok("File Processed")
      }
    }
    
    case class CsvIteratee(state: Symbol = 'Cont, input: Input[Array[Byte]] = Empty, lastChunk: String = "", isFirst: Boolean = false) extends Iteratee[Array[Byte], Either[Result, String]] {
      def fold[B](
                   done: (Either[Result, String], Input[Array[Byte]]) => Promise[B],
                   cont: (Input[Array[Byte]] => Iteratee[Array[Byte], Either[Result, String]]) => Promise[B],
                   error: (String, Input[Array[Byte]]) => Promise[B]
                   ): Promise[B] = state match {
        case 'Done =>
          done(Right(lastChunk), Input.Empty)
    
        case 'Cont => cont(in => in match {
          case in: El[Array[Byte]] => {
            // Retrieve the part that has not been processed in the previous chunk and copy it in front of the current chunk
            val content = lastChunk + new String(in.e)
            val csvBody =
              if (isFirst)
                // Skip http header if it is the first chunk
                content.drop(content.indexOf("
    
    ") + 4)
              else content
            val csv = new CSVReader(new StringReader(csvBody), ';')
            val lines = csv.readAll
            // Process all lines excepted the last one since it is cut by the chunk
            for (line <- lines.init)
              processLine(line)
            // Put forward the part that has not been processed
            val last = lines.last.toList.mkString(";")
            copy(input = in, lastChunk = last, isFirst = false)
          }
          case Empty => copy(input = in, isFirst = false)
          case EOF => copy(state = 'Done, input = in, isFirst = false)
          case _ => copy(state = 'Error, input = in, isFirst = false)
        })
    
        case _ =>
          error("Unexpected state", input)
    
      }
    
      def processLine(line: Array[String]) = WS.url("http://localhost:9200/affa/na/").post(
        toJson(
          Map(
            "date" -> toJson(line(0)),
            "trig" -> toJson(line(1)),
            "code" -> toJson(line(2)),
            "nbjours" -> toJson(line(3).toDouble)
          )
        )
      )
    }

    二、直接定义Cont:

    /**
       * Create an iteratee that takes the first element of the stream, if one occurs before EOF
       */
      def head[E]: Iteratee[E, Option[E]] = {
    
        def step: K[E, Option[E]] = {
          case Input.Empty => Cont(step)
          case Input.EOF => Done(None, Input.EOF)
          case Input.El(e) => Done(Some(e), Input.Empty)
        }
        Cont(step)
      }

    及:

    def fileIteratee(file: File): Iteratee[String, Long] = {
        val helper = new FileNIOHelper(file)
    
        def step(totalLines: Long)(in: Input[String]): Iteratee[String, Long] = in match {
          case Input.EOF | Input.Empty =>
            if(debug) println("CLOSING CHANNEL")
            helper.close()
            Done(totalLines, Input.EOF)
          case Input.El(line) =>
            if(debug) println(line)
            helper.write(line)
            Cont[String, Long](i => step(totalLines+1)(i))
        }
        // initiates iteration by initialize context and first state (Cont) and launching iteration
        Cont[String, Long](i => step(0L)(i))
      }
    
    }

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/tiger-xc/p/6358646.html
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