1.派生表(derived table)
select YEAR(orderdate) as orderyear, COUNT(distinct custid) as numcusts
from Sales.Orders
group by YEAR(orderdate);
内联别名
select orderyear, COUNT(distinct custid)
from (select YEAR(orderdate) as orderyear, custid from Sales.Orders) as D
group by orderyear
外部命名
select orderyear, COUNT(distinct custid)
from (select YEAR(orderdate), custid from Sales.Orders) as D(orderyear,custid)
group by orderyear;
2.公用表表达式(CTE, common table express)
with C(orderyear, custid) as
(
select YEAR(orderdate), custid
from Sales.Orders
)
select orderyear, COUNT(distinct custid) as numcusts
from C
group by orderyear;
with C1 as
(
select YEAR(orderdate) as orderyear, custid
from Sales.Orders
),
C2 as
(
select orderyear, COUNT(distinct custid) as numcusts
from C1
group by orderyear
)
select orderyear, numcusts
from C2
where numcusts > 70
嵌套CTE
with <CTE_Name>[<target_column_list>]
as
(
<anchor_member>
union all
<recursive_member>
)
<outer_query_against_CTE>
with EmpsCTE as
(
select empid, mgrid, firstname, lastname
from HR.Employees
where empid = 2
union all
select C.empid, C.mgrid, C.firstname, C.lastname
from EmpsCTE as P --这里的引用前一结果集
join HR.Employees as C
on C.mgrid = P.empid
)
select empid, mgrid, firstname, lastname
from EmpsCTE option(maxrecursion 5); -- 这里的引用返回所有结果集
3.视图
use TSQLFundamentals2008
if object_id('Sales.USACusts') is not null
drop view Sales.USACusts;
go
create view Sales.USACusts
as
select custid, companyname, contactname, contacttitle, address, city, region, postalcode, country, phone, tax
from Sales.Customers
where country = N'USA';
go
在定义表表达式的查询语句中不允许出现order by子句，因此视图定义中也不允许出现。确实须要从视图中返回有序的数据行，应该在使用视图的外部查询中指定一个数据展示用的order by子句。即使使用TOP选项，视图定义中的order by子句只是确保为TOP选项提供逻辑筛选服务，如果查询视图时没有在外部查询中指定order by子句，则仍然无法保证结果集中行的顺序。
alter view Sales.USACusts
as
select top(100) percent
custid, companyname, contactname, contacttitle, address, city, region, postalcode, country, phone, tax
from Sales.Customers
where country = N'USA'
order by region;
go
select custid, companyname, region from Sales.USACusts; --并不能总能产生按region列进行排序的结果
encryption选项
select object_definition(object_id('Sales.USACusts')); --can get definition of the view
alter view Sales.USACusts with encryption
as
select custid, companyname, contactname, contacttitle, address, city, region, postalcode, country, phone, tax
from Sales.Customers
where country = N'USA';
go
select object_definition(object_id('Sales.USACusts')); -- can not get definition of the view
schemabinding 选项
alter view Sales.USACusts with schemabinding
as
select custid, companyname, contactname, contacttitle, address, city, region, postalcode, country, phone, tax
from Sales.Customers
where country = N'USA';
go
alter table Sales.Customers drop column address; -- error message
check option 选项
alter view Sales.USACusts with check option
as
select custid, companyname, contactname, contacttitle, address, city, region, postalcode, country, phone, tax
from Sales.Customers
where country = N'USA';
go
insert into Sales.USACusts
values (..., 'UK', ...); --error message, not 'USA'
4.内联表值函数(inline TVF, inline table-valued function)--参数化的视图
use TSQLFundamentals2008
if object_id('dbo.fn_GetCustOrders') is not null
drop function dbo.fn_GetCustOrders;
go
create function dbo.fn_GetCustOrders(@cid as int) returns table
as
return
select orderid, custid, empid, orderdate, requireddate, shippeddate, shipperid, freight, shipname, shipaddress, shipcity, shipregion, shippostalcode, shipcountry
from Sales.Orders
where custid = @cid;
go
select C.orderid, C.custid, D.productid, D.qty
from dbo.fn_GetCustOrders(1) as C
join Sales.OrderDetails as D
on C.orderid = D.orderid;
5.Apply运算符
包括cross apply与outer apply。
cross apply与cross join类似，都是用右表表达式应用到左表中的每一行。与join不同的是，使用cross apply操作符时，对于左表中的每一行，右表表达式可能代表不同的数据行集合。为此，可以在右边使用一个派生表，在派生表的查询中去引用左表列；也可以使用内联表值函数，把左表中的列作为输入参数进行传递。
cross apply在右表为空时不显示左表的行，outer apply则显示左表的行，同时右表同一行的列用null替代。
cross apply:
select C.custid, A.orderid, A.orderdate
from Sales.Customers as C
cross apply
(
select top(3) orderid, empid, orderdate, requireddate
from Sales.Orders as O
where O.custid = C.custid
order by orderdate desc, orderid desc
) as A
outer apply:
select C.custid, A.orderid, A.orderdate
from Sales.Customers as C
outer apply
(
select top(3) orderid, empid, orderdate, requireddate
from Sales.Orders as O
where O.custid = C.custid
order by orderdate desc, orderid desc
) as A