• (转)Hibernate的优化方案


    http://blog.csdn.net/yerenyuan_pku/article/details/70768603

    HQL优化

    • 使用参数绑定 
      1. 使用绑定参数的原因是让数据库一次解析SQL,对后续的重复请求可以使用生成好的执行计划,这样做节省CPU时间和内存。
      2. 避免SQL注入。
    • 尽量少使用NOT 
      如果where子句中包含not关键字,那么执行时该字段的索引失效。
    • 尽量使用where来替换having 
      having在检索出所有记录后才对结果集进行过滤,这个处理需要一定的开销,而where子句限制记录的数目,能减少这方面的开销。
    • 减少对表的查询 
      在含有子查询的HQL中,尽量减少对表的查询,降低开销。
    • 使用表的别名 
      当在HQL语句中连接多个表时,使用别名,提高程序阅读性,并把别名前缀与每个列连接上,这样一来,可以减少解析时间并减少列歧义引起的语法错误。
    • 实体的更新与删除 
      在Hibernate3以后支持hql的update与delete操作。可参考度娘。

    一级缓存优化

    一级缓存也叫做session缓存,在一个hibernate session有效,这级缓存的可干预性不强,大多于hibernate自动管理,但它提供清除缓存的方法,这在大批量增加(更新)操作是有效果的,例如,同时增加十万条记录,按常规进行,很可能会出现异常,这时可能需要手动清除一级缓存,session.evict以及session.clear

    检索策略(抓取策略)

    延迟加载

    延迟加载是Hibernate为提高程序执行的效率而提供的一种机制,即只有真正使用该对象的数据时才会创建。load方法采用的策略是延迟加载;get方法采用的策略是立即加载。 
    检索策略分为两种:

    1. 类级别检索
    2. 关联级别检索

    类级别检索

    类级别检索是通过session直接检索某一类对应的数据,例如:

    Customer c = session.load(Customer.class, 1);

    session.createQuery("from Order");

    类级别检索策略分为立即检索与延迟检索,默认是延迟检索,类级别的检索策略可以通过<class>元素的lazy属性来设置,默认值是true。所以我们可在hbm映射配置文件中设置如下:

    <class name="Customer" table="t_customer" catalog="hibernateTest" lazy="true">
        ...
    </class>

    除此之外,我们也可在PO类中使用@Proxy注解,例如:

    @Proxy(lazy = true)
    public class Customer {
        ...
    }

    现在我着重来讲一下在PO类中@Proxy注解的使用。提示,以下所有案例代码的编写都是建立在Hibernate检索方式概述一文案例基础之上的。首先将@Proxy(lazy = true)这样的注解加在PO类——Customer类上,这样Customer类的代码就变成:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    @NamedQuery(name="myHql", query="from Customer")
    // @SqlResultSetMapping注解才真正帮我们去规定执行sql语句如何将结果封装到Customer对象
    @SqlResultSetMapping(name="customerSetMapping",entities={ @EntityResult(entityClass=Customer.class,fields={ 
            @FieldResult(name="id",column="id"),@FieldResult(name="name",column="name") }) })
            // fields指定类里面的每一个属性跟表中的列是如何对应的
    @NamedNativeQuery(name="findCustomer",query="select * from t_customer",resultSetMapping="customerSetMapping")
                                                                       // resultSetMapping需要指定一个名字,它用来指定结果如何封装的操作
    @Proxy(lazy = true)
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        /*
         * targetEntity="...":相当于<one-to-many class="...">
         * mappedBy="...":相当于inverse=true,即放弃关联关系的维护,不然会生成一个中间表
         */
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    为了便于演示延迟加载,在cn.itheima.test包下编写一个LoadTest单元测试类,并在该类中编写如下测试方法:

    // 演示延迟加载
    public class LoadTest {
    
        @Test
        public void test1() {
            Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
            session.beginTransaction();
    
            Customer c1 = session.load(Customer.class, 1);
            // Customer c1 = session.get(Customer.class, 1);
            String name = c1.getName();
    
            System.out.println(name);
    
            session.getTransaction().commit();
            session.close();
        }
    
    }

    String name = c1.getName();这句代码上加上一个断点,然后以Debug的方式调试该程序,就能得到你想要的东西哟!!! 
    如果将lazy设置为false,代表类级别检索也使用立即检索,这时load与get方法就完全一样了,都是立即检索。 
    虽然我们是知道了load方法采用的策略是延迟加载;get方法采用的策略是立即加载,但是什么时候用get方法,什么时候用load方法呢?——如果你查询的数据非常大,例如说它里面有一些大的字段,这个时候建议你采用load方法,不要一上来就立即加载,把我们的内存占满,这样可以让我们的性能得到一部分的提升;如果你查询的数据非常少,直接get就无所谓了,因为它不会占用我们很多的内存。 
    还有一个问题:Hibernate这个框架是在Dao层进行操作的,如果说我现在采用了一个load的方案去获取了一个对象,我们最终会把Session关闭再返回,那么我们就要把这个对象返回到Service层,再返回到Web层,这个时候load出来的代理对象其实还没有对数据进行初始化,也即它里面还没有真正有数据,返回的时候就出问题了,那如何对一个延迟的代理对象进行初始化呢?以码明示,在LoadTest单元测试类中编写如下测试方法:

    public class LoadTest {
    
        // 如果对一个延迟的代理对象进行初始化?
        @Test
        public void test2() {
            Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
            session.beginTransaction();
    
            Customer c1 = session.load(Customer.class, 1);
            Hibernate.initialize(c1);
    
            session.getTransaction().commit();
            session.close();
    
            // return c1;
        }
    
    }

    Customer c1 = session.load(Customer.class, 1);这句代码上加上一个断点,然后以Debug的方式调试该程序,就能得到你想要的东西哟!!!

    关联级别检索

    查询到某个对象,获得其关联的对象或属性,这种就称为关联级别检索,例如:

    c.getOrders().size()
    c.getName()

    对于关联级别检索我们就要研究其检索策略(抓取策略)了。

    检索策略(抓取策略)

    抓取策略介绍

    抓取策略指的是查找到某个对象后,通过这个对象去查询关联对象的信息时的一种策略。Hibernate中对象之间的关联关系有:

    1. 一对一:<one-to-one>
    2. 一对多(多对一):<set>下有<one-to-many>,与<many-to-one>
    3. 多对多:<set>下有<many-to-many>

    此处我们主要讲的是在<set><many-to-one><one-to-one>标签上设置fetch、lazy这两个属性。

    • fetch主要描述的是SQL语句的格式(例如是多条,子查询,多表联查)
    • lazy用于控制SQL语句何时发送

    例如,查询一个客户,要关联查询它的订单。客户代表一的一方,在客户中有set集合来描述其订单,在配置中我们是使用的:

    <set>
        <one-to-many>
    </set>

    此时就可以在set标签上设置这两个属性fetch、lazy。 
    再比如,查询一个订单时,要查询关联的客户信息。订单代表多的一方,在订单中有Customer对象来描述其关联的客户,在配置中我们是使用<many-to-one>标签,此时也可以在该标签上设置这两个属性fetch、lazy。当然了,也可在标签<one-to-one>上设置这两个属性fetch、lazy。

    注解配置抓取策略

    以一个问题来引出该小节的讲解,如何使用注解来配置抓取策略?

    • <set>标签上设置的fetch与lazy可以使用下面注解来描述:

      @Fetch(FetchMode.SUBSELECT)
      @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.EXTRA)
      private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();

      若是在映射配置文件中进行设置,则如下: 

    • <many-to-one><one-to-one>标签上设置的fetch与lazy可以使用下面注解来描述:

      @Fetch(FetchMode.SELECT)
      @LazyToOne(LazyToOneOption.FALSE)
      private Customer c; // 描述订单属于某一个客户

      若是在映射配置文件中进行设置,则如下: 

    set上的fetch与lazy

    set上的fetch与lazy主要是用于设置关联的集合信息的抓取策略。 
    fetch可取值有:

    1. SELECT:多条简单的sql(默认值)
    2. JOIN:采用迫切左外连接
    3. SUBSELECT:将生成子查询的SQL

    lazy可取值有:

    1. TURE:延迟检索(默认值)
    2. FALSE:立即检索
    3. EXTRA:加强延迟检索(及其懒惰)

    这样说来,fetch与lazy的组合就有九种了,其实不然,fetch与lazy的组合实际上只有七种,且听我娓娓道来。

    第一种组合

    首先修改cn.itheima.domain包下的两个PO类,如下:

    • 客户类

      // 客户 ---- 一的一方
      @Entity
      @Table(name="t_customer")
      public class Customer {
      
          @Id
          @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
          private Integer id; // 主键
          private String name; // 姓名
      
          // 描述客户可以有多个订单
          @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
          @Fetch(FetchMode.SELECT)
          @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.TRUE)
          private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
      
          public Customer() {
      
          }
      
          public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
              super();
              this.id = id;
              this.name = name;
          }
      
          public Set<Order> getOrders() {
              return orders;
          }
          public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
              this.orders = orders;
          }
          public Integer getId() {
              return id;
          }
          public void setId(Integer id) {
              this.id = id;
          }
          public String getName() {
              return name;
          }
          public void setName(String name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
      
          @Override
          public String toString() {
              return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
          }
      
      }
    • 订单类

      // 订单 ---- 多的一方
      @Entity
      @Table(name="t_order")
      public class Order {
      
          @Id
          @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
          private Integer id;
          private Double money;
          private String receiverInfo; // 收货地址
      
          // 订单与客户关联
          @ManyToOne(targetEntity=Customer.class)
          @JoinColumn(name="c_customer_id") // 指定外键列
          @Cascade(CascadeType.SAVE_UPDATE)
          private Customer c; // 描述订单属于某一个客户
      
          public Customer getC() {
              return c;
          }
          public void setC(Customer c) {
              this.c = c;
          }
          public Integer getId() {
              return id;
          }
          public void setId(Integer id) {
              this.id = id;
          }
          public Double getMoney() {
              return money;
          }
          public void setMoney(Double money) {
              this.money = money;
          }
          public String getReceiverInfo() {
              return receiverInfo;
          }
          public void setReceiverInfo(String receiverInfo) {
              this.receiverInfo = receiverInfo;
          }
      
          @Override
          public String toString() {
              return "Order [id=" + id + ", money=" + money + ", receiverInfo=" + receiverInfo + "]";
          }
      
      }

    接着在cn.itheima.test包下编写一个SetFetchTest单元测试类,并在该类中编写如下测试方法:

    public class SetFetchTest {
    
        @Test
        public void test1() {
            Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
            session.beginTransaction();
    
            // 1.得到id=1的Customer
            Customer customer = session.get(Customer.class, 1);
    
            // 2.得到id=1的Customer关联的Order信息
            int size = customer.getOrders().size();
    
            System.out.println(size);
    
            session.getTransaction().commit();
            session.close();
        }
    
    }

    int size = customer.getOrders().size();这句代码上加上一个断点,然后以Debug的方式调试该程序,就能得出结论:会首先查询客户信息,当需要订单信息时,才会关联查询订单信息,并在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?
    Hibernate: 
        select
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders0_.money as money2_1_1_,
            orders0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_1_ 
        from
            t_order orders0_ 
        where
            orders0_.c_customer_id=?

    第二种组合

    首先将客户类的代码改为:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SELECT)
        @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.FALSE)
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后以Debug的方式运行SetFetchTest单元测试类中的test1方法,就能得出结论:当查询客户信息时,就会将订单信息也查询,也就是说订单信息没有进行延迟查询。并在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?
    Hibernate: 
        select
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders0_.money as money2_1_1_,
            orders0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_1_ 
        from
            t_order orders0_ 
        where
            orders0_.c_customer_id=?

    第三种组合

    首先将客户类的代码改为:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SELECT)
        @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.EXTRA)
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后以Debug的方式运行SetFetchTest单元测试类中的test1方法,就能得出结论:当查询客户信息时,不会查询订单信息,当需要订单的个数时,也不会查询订单信息,只会通过count来统计订单个数,当我们使用size()、contains()或isEmpty()方法时也不会查询订单信息。并在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?
    Hibernate: 
        select
            count(id) 
        from
            t_order 
        where
            c_customer_id =?

    第四种组合

    如果fetch选择的是join方案,那么lazy它就会失效。生成SQl语句采用的是迫切左外连接(left outer join fetch),也即这个时候会多表联查,既然是多表联查,就会把信息都查询出来,它既然是一个迫切左外连接,会根据你的需求把信息封装到你指定的对象里面,所以lazy它就会失效。 
    为了测试这第四种组合,首先将客户类的代码改为:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        @Fetch(FetchMode.JOIN)
        @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.FALSE)
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后以Debug的方式运行SetFetchTest单元测试类中的test1方法,在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_,
            orders1_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders1_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders1_.id as id1_1_2_,
            orders1_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_2_,
            orders1_.money as money2_1_2_,
            orders1_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_2_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        left outer join
            t_order orders1_ 
                on customer0_.id=orders1_.c_customer_id 
        where
            customer0_.id=?

    第五种组合

    首先将客户类的代码改为:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SUBSELECT)
        @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.TRUE)
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    接着在SetFetchTest单元测试类中编写如下测试方法:

    public class SetFetchTest {
    
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        @Test
        public void test2() {
            Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
            session.beginTransaction();
    
            // 1.查询出所有的客户信息
            List<Customer> list = session.createQuery("from Customer").list();
    
            for (Customer customer : list) {
                System.out.println(customer.getOrders().size());
            }
    
            session.getTransaction().commit();
            session.close();
        }
    
    }

    List<Customer> list = session.createQuery("from Customer").list();这句代码上加上一个断点,然后以Debug的方式调试该程序,就能得出结论:会生成子查询,但是我们在查询订单时采用的是延迟加载。并在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_
    Hibernate: 
        select
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            orders0_.money as money2_1_0_,
            orders0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_0_ 
        from
            t_order orders0_ 
        where
            orders0_.c_customer_id in (
                select
                    customer0_.id 
                from
                    t_customer customer0_
            )

    第六种组合

    首先将客户类的代码改为:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SUBSELECT)
        @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.FALSE)
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后以Debug的方式运行SetFetchTest单元测试类中的test2方法,就能得出结论:会生成子查询,在查询客户信息时,就会将订单信息也查询出来。并在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_
    Hibernate: 
        select
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            orders0_.money as money2_1_0_,
            orders0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_0_ 
        from
            t_order orders0_ 
        where
            orders0_.c_customer_id in (
                select
                    customer0_.id 
                from
                    t_customer customer0_
            )

    第七种组合

    首先将客户类的代码改为:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SUBSELECT)
        @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.EXTRA)
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后以Debug的方式运行SetFetchTest单元测试类中的test2方法,就能得出结论:在查询订单时,只会根据情况来确定是否要订单信息,如果不需要,例如我们程序中的size操作,那么就会发出select count(*) from Order where c_customer_id=?这样的语句。这时Eclipse控制台会打印:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_
    Hibernate: 
        select
            count(id) 
        from
            t_order 
        where
            c_customer_id =?
    10
    Hibernate: 
        select
            count(id) 
        from
            t_order 
        where
            c_customer_id =?
    10
    Hibernate: 
        select
            count(id) 
        from
            t_order 
        where
            c_customer_id =?
    0

    many-to-one或one-to-one上的fetch与lazy

    set上的fetch与lazy主要是设置在获取到代表一的一方时,如何去查询代表多的一方。那么在<many-to-one><one-to-one>标签上如何设置fetch与lazy,然后去查询对方。对于我们的程序来说,就是在代表多的一方如何查询代表一的一方的信息。例如,获取到一个订单对象,要查询客户信息。 
    fetch可取值有:

    1. select:默认值,代表发送一条或多条简单的select语句
    2. join:发送一条迫切左外连接

    lazy可取值有:

    1. false:不采用延迟加载
    2. proxy:默认值,是否采用延迟不由本方说了算,而是需要由另一方的类级别延迟策略来决定
    3. no-proxy:在此不讨论

    第一种组合

    首先修改Order类的代码为:

    // 订单 ---- 多的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_order")
    public class Order {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id;
        private Double money;
        private String receiverInfo; // 收货地址
    
        // 订单与客户关联
        @ManyToOne(targetEntity=Customer.class)
        @JoinColumn(name="c_customer_id") // 指定外键列
        @Cascade(CascadeType.SAVE_UPDATE)
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SELECT)
        @LazyToOne(LazyToOneOption.PROXY)
        private Customer c; // 描述订单属于某一个客户
    
        public Customer getC() {
            return c;
        }
        public void setC(Customer c) {
            this.c = c;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public Double getMoney() {
            return money;
        }
        public void setMoney(Double money) {
            this.money = money;
        }
        public String getReceiverInfo() {
            return receiverInfo;
        }
        public void setReceiverInfo(String receiverInfo) {
            this.receiverInfo = receiverInfo;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Order [id=" + id + ", money=" + money + ", receiverInfo=" + receiverInfo + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后将Customer类的类级别延迟策略置为lazy=true,此时Customer类变为:

    // 客户 ---- 一的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_customer")
    @Proxy(lazy=true)
    public class Customer {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id; // 主键
        private String name; // 姓名
    
        // 描述客户可以有多个订单
        @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SUBSELECT)
        @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.EXTRA)
        private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
    
        public Customer() {
    
        }
    
        public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
            super();
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        public Set<Order> getOrders() {
            return orders;
        }
        public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
            this.orders = orders;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
        }
    
    }

    接着在cn.itheima.test包下编写一个OneFetchTest单元测试类,并在该类中编写如下测试方法:

    public class OneFetchTest {
    
        @Test
        public void test1() {
            Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
            session.beginTransaction();
    
            // 1.得到一个订单
            Order order = session.get(Order.class, 1);
    
            // 2.得到订单对应的客户
            Customer c = order.getC();
    
            System.out.println(c.getName());
            session.getTransaction().commit();
            session.close();
        }
    
    }

    Order order = session.get(Order.class, 1);这句代码上加上一个断点,然后以Debug的方式调试该程序,就能得出结论:会首先发送一条sql只查询订单信息,客户信息会延迟,只有真正需要客户信息时,才会发送sql来查询客户信息。并在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            order0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            order0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            order0_.money as money2_1_0_,
            order0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_0_ 
        from
            t_order order0_ 
        where
            order0_.id=?
    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?

    第二种组合

    首先Order类的代码不用修改,只将Customer类的类级别延迟策略置为lazy=false,即在Customer类上加上@Proxy(lazy=false)注解。 
    然后以Debug的方式运行OneFetchTest单元测试类中的test1方法,就能得出结论:当查询订单时,就会将客户信息也查询到,原因是Customer类的类级别延迟策略为false,也就是立即查询。而且在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            order0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            order0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            order0_.money as money2_1_0_,
            order0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_0_ 
        from
            t_order order0_ 
        where
            order0_.id=?
    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?

    第三种组合

    首先将Order类的代码修改为:

    // 订单 ---- 多的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_order")
    public class Order {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id;
        private Double money;
        private String receiverInfo; // 收货地址
    
        // 订单与客户关联
        @ManyToOne(targetEntity=Customer.class)
        @JoinColumn(name="c_customer_id") // 指定外键列
        @Cascade(CascadeType.SAVE_UPDATE)
        @Fetch(FetchMode.SELECT)
        @LazyToOne(LazyToOneOption.FALSE)
        private Customer c; // 描述订单属于某一个客户
    
        public Customer getC() {
            return c;
        }
        public void setC(Customer c) {
            this.c = c;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public Double getMoney() {
            return money;
        }
        public void setMoney(Double money) {
            this.money = money;
        }
        public String getReceiverInfo() {
            return receiverInfo;
        }
        public void setReceiverInfo(String receiverInfo) {
            this.receiverInfo = receiverInfo;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Order [id=" + id + ", money=" + money + ", receiverInfo=" + receiverInfo + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后以Debug的方式运行OneFetchTest单元测试类中的test1方法,就能得出结论:当查询订单时,不会对客户信息进行延迟,会立即查询客户信息。而且在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            order0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            order0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            order0_.money as money2_1_0_,
            order0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_0_ 
        from
            t_order order0_ 
        where
            order0_.id=?
    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?

    提示:这种组合不用理Customer类的类级别延迟策略。

    第四种组合

    首先将Order类的代码修改为:

    // 订单 ---- 多的一方
    @Entity
    @Table(name="t_order")
    public class Order {
    
        @Id
        @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
        private Integer id;
        private Double money;
        private String receiverInfo; // 收货地址
    
        // 订单与客户关联
        @ManyToOne(targetEntity=Customer.class)
        @JoinColumn(name="c_customer_id") // 指定外键列
        @Cascade(CascadeType.SAVE_UPDATE)
        @Fetch(FetchMode.JOIN)
        @LazyToOne(LazyToOneOption.FALSE)
        private Customer c; // 描述订单属于某一个客户
    
        public Customer getC() {
            return c;
        }
        public void setC(Customer c) {
            this.c = c;
        }
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public Double getMoney() {
            return money;
        }
        public void setMoney(Double money) {
            this.money = money;
        }
        public String getReceiverInfo() {
            return receiverInfo;
        }
        public void setReceiverInfo(String receiverInfo) {
            this.receiverInfo = receiverInfo;
        }
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "Order [id=" + id + ", money=" + money + ", receiverInfo=" + receiverInfo + "]";
        }
    
    }

    然后以Debug的方式运行OneFetchTest单元测试类中的test1方法,就能得出结论:如果fetch的值为join,那么lazy将失效,这时会发送一条迫切左外连接来查询,也就立即查询。而且在Eclipse控制台打印如下sql语句:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            order0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            order0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            order0_.money as money2_1_0_,
            order0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_0_,
            customer1_.id as id1_0_1_,
            customer1_.name as name2_0_1_ 
        from
            t_order order0_ 
        left outer join
            t_customer customer1_ 
                on order0_.c_customer_id=customer1_.id 
        where
            order0_.id=?

    这种组合当然也就不需要搭理Customer类的类级别延迟策略了。

    批量抓取

    我们在查询多个对象的关联对象时,可以采用批量抓取方式来对程序进行优化。要想实现批量抓取,可以在映射配置文件中通过batch-size属性来设置,也可以使用注解@BatchSize(size=4)来设置,其中size表示一次抓取的条数。

    先查询客户,然后再查询订单

    首先检查两个PO类的代码是否如下:

    • 客户类

      @Entity
      @Table(name="t_customer")
      @Proxy(lazy=true)
      public class Customer {
      
          @Id
          @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
          private Integer id; // 主键
          private String name; // 姓名
      
          // 描述客户可以有多个订单
          @OneToMany(targetEntity=Order.class,mappedBy="c")
          @Fetch(FetchMode.SELECT)
          @LazyCollection(LazyCollectionOption.TRUE)
          private Set<Order> orders = new HashSet<Order>();
      
          public Customer() {
      
          }
      
          public Customer(Integer id, String name) {
              super();
              this.id = id;
              this.name = name;
          }
      
          public Set<Order> getOrders() {
              return orders;
          }
          public void setOrders(Set<Order> orders) {
              this.orders = orders;
          }
          public Integer getId() {
              return id;
          }
          public void setId(Integer id) {
              this.id = id;
          }
          public String getName() {
              return name;
          }
          public void setName(String name) {
              this.name = name;
          }
      
          @Override
          public String toString() {
              return "Customer [id=" + id + ", name=" + name + "]";
          }
      
      }
    • 订单类

      @Entity
      @Table(name="t_order")
      public class Order {
      
          @Id
          @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)
          private Integer id;
          private Double money;
          private String receiverInfo; // 收货地址
      
          // 订单与客户关联
          @ManyToOne(targetEntity=Customer.class)
          @JoinColumn(name="c_customer_id") // 指定外键列
          @Cascade(CascadeType.SAVE_UPDATE)
          private Customer c; // 描述订单属于某一个客户
      
          public Customer getC() {
              return c;
          }
          public void setC(Customer c) {
              this.c = c;
          }
          public Integer getId() {
              return id;
          }
          public void setId(Integer id) {
              this.id = id;
          }
          public Double getMoney() {
              return money;
          }
          public void setMoney(Double money) {
              this.money = money;
          }
          public String getReceiverInfo() {
              return receiverInfo;
          }
          public void setReceiverInfo(String receiverInfo) {
              this.receiverInfo = receiverInfo;
          }
      
          @Override
          public String toString() {
              return "Order [id=" + id + ", money=" + money + ", receiverInfo=" + receiverInfo + "]";
          }
      
      }

    为了查询出所有用户的订单信息,我在cn.itheima.test包下编写一个BatchFetchTest单元测试类,并在该类中编写如下测试方法:

    // 演示批量抓取
    public class BatchFetchTest {
    
        // 查询出所有用户的订单信息
        @Test
        public void test1() {
            Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
            session.beginTransaction();
    
            // 1.得到所有客户
            List<Customer> list = session.createQuery("from Customer").list();
    
            // 2.得到客户的订单信息
            for (Customer customer : list) {
                System.out.println(customer.getOrders().size());
            }
    
            session.getTransaction().commit();
            session.close();
        }
    
    }

    运行以上方法,可发现Eclipse控制台打印如下:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_
    Hibernate: 
        select
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders0_.money as money2_1_1_,
            orders0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_1_ 
        from
            t_order orders0_ 
        where
            orders0_.c_customer_id=?
    10
    Hibernate: 
        select
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders0_.money as money2_1_1_,
            orders0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_1_ 
        from
            t_order orders0_ 
        where
            orders0_.c_customer_id=?
    10
    Hibernate: 
        select
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_0_,
            orders0_.id as id1_1_1_,
            orders0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_1_,
            orders0_.money as money2_1_1_,
            orders0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_1_ 
        from
            t_order orders0_ 
        where
            orders0_.c_customer_id=?
    0

    上述代码操作,当我们执行时,首先发出一条sql来查询所有客户信息,然后根据客户的id来查询订单信息,因为有三个客户,所以发送了三条sql,完成了查询订单信息的操作。以上一共执行了四条sql语句来完成操作,这就引出了一个N+1的经典问题。这里,就可以采用批量抓取来解决N+1问题。 
    我们不仅可以在客户类映射配置文件中的<set>标签上配置batch-size,如下: 

    而且也可使用注解@BatchSize(size=3)来进行配置,即需要在Customer类中的orders属性上加上@BatchSize(size=3)注解。 
    这样再次运行test1方法,就可发现Eclipse控制台打印如下: 

    提示:size的值要根据你当前的环境来设置,但是它的值不要太大,最好不要超过50。

    先查询订单,然后再查询客户

    为了查询出所有的订单,然后根据订单再查询出客户信息,我在BatchFetchTest单元测试类再编写如下测试方法:

    public class BatchFetchTest {
    
        // 查询出所有的订单,然后根据订单再查询出客户信息
        @Test
        public void test2() {
            Session session = HibernateUtils.openSession();
            session.beginTransaction();
    
            // 1.得到所有订单
            List<Order> list = session.createQuery("from Order").list();
    
            // 2.得到客户信息
            for (Order order : list) {
                System.out.println(order.getC().getName());
            }
    
            session.getTransaction().commit();
            session.close();
        }
    
    }

    运行以上方法,可发现Eclipse控制台打印如下:

    Hibernate: 
        select
            order0_.id as id1_1_,
            order0_.c_customer_id as c_custom4_1_,
            order0_.money as money2_1_,
            order0_.receiverInfo as receiver3_1_ 
        from
            t_order order0_
    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?
    Hibernate: 
        select
            customer0_.id as id1_0_0_,
            customer0_.name as name2_0_0_ 
        from
            t_customer customer0_ 
        where
            customer0_.id=?

    订单一共有两种,在查询时会首先发送一条sql查询出所有订单,然后再根据订单查询出所有客户,一共3条语句完成。这时也出现同样的N+1问题,当然也可以采用批量抓取来解决这个N+1问题。 
    注意:订单与客户,客户它是一个主表,订单是一个从表。在设置批量抓取时都是在主表中设置。故我们不仅可以在客户类映射配置文件中的<class>标签上配置batch-size,如下: 

    而且也可使用注解@BatchSize(size=10)来进行配置,即需要在Customer类上加上@BatchSize(size=10)注解。 
    这样再次运行test2方法,就可发现Eclipse控制台打印如下: 

    总结

    无论是根据哪一方来查询另一方,在进行批量抓取时,都是在父方设置。如果是要查询子方信息,那么我们是在父方那个映射配置文件的<set>标签上来设置batch-size属性,如果是从子方来查询父方,也是在父方那个映射配置文件的<class>标签上设置batch-size属性。 
    父方与子方的区分:有外键的表是子方(从表),关联方就是父方(主表)。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/telwanggs/p/6964101.html
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