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原文出处：拓端数据部落公众号
相关视频：什么是Bootstrap自抽样及应用R语言线性回归预测置信区间实例
什么是Bootstrap自抽样及R语言Bootstrap线性回归预测置信区间
，时长05:38
参数引导：估计 MSE
统计学问题：级别(k\)修剪后的平均值的MSE是多少？
我们如何回答它：估计从标准柯西分布（t 分布 w/df = 1）生成的大小为 20 的随机样本的水平 \(k\) 修剪均值的 MSE。目标参数 \(\theta\) 是中心或中位数。柯西分布不存在均值。在表中总结 MSE 的估计值 \(k = 1, 2, ... 9\)。
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result=rep(0,9)
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for(j in 1:9){
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n<-20
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for(i in 1:m){
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x<-sort(rcauchy(n))
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参数自抽样法：经验功效计算
统计问题：随着零假设与现实之间的差异发生变化，功效如何变化？
我们如何回答：绘制 t 检验的经验功效曲线。
t 检验的原假设是 。另一种选择是
。
您将从具有 的正态分布总体中抽取大小为 20 的样本。您将使用 0.05 的显着性水平。
显示当总体的实际平均值从 350 变为 650（增量为 10）时，功效如何变化。
y 轴是经验功效（通过 bootstrap 估计），x 轴是 \(\mu\) 的不同值（350、360、370 … 650）。
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x <- rnorm(n, mean = muA, sd = sigma) #抽取平均值=450的样本
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ts <- t.test(x, mu = mu0) #对无效的mu=500进行t检验
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ts$p.value
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参数自抽样法：经验功效计算
统计问题：样本量如何影响功效？
我们如何回答：创建更多的功效曲线，因为实际均值在 350 到 650 之间变化，但使用大小为 n = 10、n = 20、n = 30、n = 40 和 n = 50 的样本生成它们。同一图上的所有 5 条功效曲线。
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pvals <- replicate(m, pvalue())
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power <- mean(pvals <= 0.05)
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points(sequence,final2[2,],col="red",pch=1)
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points(sequence,final2[3,],col="blue",pch=2)
参数自抽样法：经验置信水平
统计问题：在制作 95% CI 时，如果我们的样本很小并且不是来自正态分布，我们是否仍有 95% 的置信度？
我们如何回答它：根据样本为总体的平均值创建一堆置信区间 (95%)。
您的样本大小应为 16，取自具有 2 个自由度的卡方分布。
找出未能捕捉总体真实均值的置信区间的比例。（提醒：自由度为 \(k\) 的卡方分布的平均值为 \(k\)。）
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for(i in 1:m){
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samp=rchisq(n,df=2)
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mean=mean(samp)
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sd=sd(samp)
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upper=mean+qt(0.975,df=15)*sd/4
非参数自抽样法置信区间
统计问题：基于一个样本，我们可以为总体相关性创建一个置信区间吗？
我们如何回答：为相关统计量创建一个 bootstrap t 置信区间估计。
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boot.ti <-
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function(x, B = 500, R = 100, level = .95, stattic){
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x <- as.matrix(x)
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library(boot) #for boot and boot.ci
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data(law, package = "bootstrap")
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dat <- law
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ci <- boot.t.ci(dat, statistic = stat, B=2000, R=200)
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ci
自抽样法后的Jackknife
统计问题：R 的标准误差的 bootstrap 估计的标准误差是多少？
我们如何回答它： data(law) 像上一个问题一样使用。在 bootstrap 后执行 Jackknife 以获得标准误差估计的标准误差估计。（bootstrap 用于获得总体中 R 的 SE 的估计值。然后使用折刀法获得该 SE 估计值的 SE。）
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indices <- matrix(0, nrow = B, ncol = n)
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# 进行自举
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for(b in 1:B){
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i <- sample(1:n, size = n, replace = TRUE)
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LSAT <- law$LSAT[i]
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# jackknife
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for(i in 1:n){
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keepers <- function(k){
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!any(k == i)
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}
自测题
Submit the rendered HTML file. Make sure all requested output (tables, graphs, etc.) appear in your document when you submit.
Parametric Bootstrap: Estimate MSE
Statistical question: What is the MSE of a level \(k\) trimmed mean?
How we can answer it: Estimate the MSE of the level \(k\) trimmed mean for random samples of size 20 generated from a standard Cauchy distribution (t-distribution w/df = 1). The target parameter \(\theta\) is the center or median. The mean does not exist for a Cauchy distribution. Summarize the estimates of MSE in a table for \(k = 1, 2, ... 9\).
Parametric Bootstrap: Empirical Power Calculations
Statistical question: How does power change as the difference between the null hypothes and the reality changes?
How we can answer it: Plot an empirical power curve for a t-test.
The null hypothesis of the t-test is \(\mu = 500\). The alternative is \(\mu \ne 500\).
You will draw samples of size 20, from a normally distributed population with \(\sigma = 100\). You will use a significance level of 0.05.
Show how the power changes as the actual mean of the population changes from 350 to 650 (increments of 10).
On the y-axis will be the empirical power (estimated via bootstrap) and the x-axis will be the different values of \(\mu\) (350, 360, 370 … 650).
Parametric Bootstrap: Empirical Power Calculations
Statistical question: How does sample size affect power?
How we can answer it: Create more power curves as the actual mean varies from 350 to 650, but produce them for using samples of size n = 10, n = 20, n = 30, n = 40, and n = 50. Put all 5 power curves on the same plot.
Parametric Bootstrap: Empirical Confidence Level
Statistical question: When making a 95% CI, are we still 95% confident if our samples are small and do not come from a normal distribution?
How we can answer it: Create a bunch of Confidence Intervals (95%) for the mean of a population based on a sample.
\[\bar{x} \pm t^{*} \times \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}\]
Your samples should be of size 16, drawn from a chi-squared distribution with 2 degrees of freedom.
Find the proportion of Confidence Intervals that fail to capture the true mean of the population. (Reminder: a chi-squared distribution with \(k\) degrees of freedom has a mean of \(k\).)
Non Parametric Bootstrap Confidence Interval
Statistical question: Based on one sample, can we create a confidence interval for the correlation of the population?
How we can answer it: Create a bootstrap t confidence interval estimate for the correlation statistic.
Jackknife after bootstrap
Statistical question: What is the standard error of the bootstrap estimate of the standard error of R?
How we can answer it: Use data(law) like the previous problem. Perform Jackknife after bootstrap to get a standard error estimate of the standard error estimate. (The bootstrap is used to get an estimate of the SE of R in the population. The jackknife is then used to get an SE of that SE estimate.)
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