目录：
2.3 line_profiler 逐行分析代码耗时
2.4 memory profiler 逐行分析代码占用内存
1.timeit python标准库自带
其算法如下：
- 将代码循环之行多次（参数名number），以便有足够长的统计时间。
- 将步骤 1 循环执行多次（参数名repeat），获取足够多的有统计采样。
- 从步骤 2 的结果选取耗时最短的采样，计算单次平均值。
1.1命令行执行
(djProj_py3) appledeMacBook-Air-7:tests apple$ python -m timeit -r 3 -s "import time" "time.sleep(1)" 10 loops, best of 3: 1 sec per loop
1.2 在代码中调用
1.3创建计时器实例，可以使用autorange方法探测合适的循环次数
In [4]: import timeit In [5]: t = timeit.Timer("time.sleep(0.002)", "import time") In [6]: t.autorange() Out[6]: (100, 0.2527182700000594)
1.4 默认使用高精度计时器统计Wall时间，也可以改为统计CPU时间。
参数名 timer: Wall -- time.perf_counter
CPU -- time.process_time
timeit.timeit("time.sleep(1)", "import time", number=10, timer=time.process_time) # 指定统计CPU时间
2.profile和cProfile
2.1 cProfile以C实现，额外开销小。profile以python实现，相关开销大会导致测量误差较大，适合用来编写扩展分析器。
测试代码：
import time def a(): n = 0 for i in range(1000): n += 1 time.sleep(1) return n def b(): n = 0 for i in range(3): n += a() print(n) return n if __name__ == "__main__": b()
开始测试：
ncalls:被调用总次数
tottime: 总执行时间(不包括调用的子函数)
percall: tottime/ncalls
cumtime: 执行总时间(包括调用的子函数)
percall: cumtime / ncalls
(djProj_py3) appledeMacBook-Air-7:tests apple$ python -m cProfile -s cumtime test_a.py 3000 11 function calls in 3.010 seconds Ordered by: cumulative time # 次数 不包括子函数 平均 包括子函数 平均 ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.000 0.000 3.010 3.010 {built-in method builtins.exec} 1 0.000 0.000 3.010 3.010 test_a.py:1(<module>) 1 0.000 0.000 3.010 3.010 test_a.py:12(b) 3 0.000 0.000 3.010 1.003 test_a.py:4(a) 3 3.009 1.003 3.009 1.003 {built-in method time.sleep} 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {built-in method builtins.print} 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}
2.2 一般将cProfile封装成装饰器 或 上下文
2.2.1装饰器
def profile(sortby="cumtime", limit=1, timer=time.perf_counter): def decorator(func): @functools.wraps(func) def warp(*args, **kwargs): p = cProfile.Profile(timer) p.enable() # 类似启动的功能 try: return func(*args, **kwargs) finally: p.disable() # 类似停止 s = pstats.Stats(p).sort_stats(sortby) s.print_stats(limit) # 限制输出几行 return warp return decorator def a(): n = 0 for i in range(1000): n += 1 time.sleep(1) return n @profile() def b(): n = 0 for i in range(3): n += a() return n if __name__ == "__main__": b() >>> (djProj_py3) appledeMacBook-Air-7:tests apple$ python test_a.py 8 function calls in 3.013 seconds Ordered by: cumulative time List reduced from 4 to 1 due to restriction <1> ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.000 0.000 3.013 3.013 test_a.py:28(b)
2.2.2 上下文
import cProfile, pstats, contextlib, time
@contextlib.contextmanager def profile1(sortby='cumtime', limit=10, timer=time.perf_counter): p = cProfile.Profile(timer) p.enable() try: yield finally: p.disable() s = pstats.Stats(p).sort_stats(sortby) s.print_stats(limit) def a(): n = 0 for i in range(1000): n += 1 time.sleep(1) return n @profile1() def b(): n = 0 for i in range(3): n += a() return n if __name__ == "__main__": b() >>> (djProj_py3) appledeMacBook-Air-7:tests apple$ python test_a.py 11 function calls in 3.013 seconds Ordered by: cumulative time ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function) 1 0.000 0.000 3.013 3.013 test_a.py:39(b) 3 0.001 0.000 3.013 1.004 test_a.py:31(a) 3 3.012 1.004 3.012 1.004 {built-in method time.sleep} 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/contextlib.py:85(__exit__) 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {built-in method builtins.next} 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 test_a.py:20(profile1) 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}
2.3 line_profiler
通过上面的cProfile可以分析得到引发性能的函数，line_profiler可以对该函数代码逐行分析
首先 pip install line_profiler
@profile # 此装饰器，安装了line_profiler，才只能通过命令 kernprof -l -v test_a.py 分析每行性能 def test(): for i in range(3): a = [1] * (10 ** 6) b = [2] * (2 * 10 ** 7) del b return a if __name__ == "__main__": test()
>>>
(djProj_py3) appledeMacBook-Air-7:tests apple$ kernprof -l -v test_a.py
Wrote profile results to test_a.py.lprof # -l 储存进文件 -v 显示
Timer unit: 1e-06 s
Total time: 0.147605 s
File: test_a.py
Function: test at line 40
Line # Hits Time Per Hit % Time Line Contents
==============================================================
40 @profile
41 def test():
42 4 19.0 4.8 0.0 for i in range(3):
43 3 15401.0 5133.7 10.4 a = [1] * (10 ** 6)
44 1 73001.0 73001.0 49.5 b = [2] * (2 * 10 ** 7)
45 1 59182.0 59182.0 40.1 del b
46 1 2.0 2.0 0.0 return a
2.4 memory profiler
逐行分析代码内存占用
首先 pip install memory_profiler
@profile def test(): for i in range(3): a = [1] * (10 ** 6) b = [2] * (2 * 10 ** 7) del b return a >>> (djProj_py3) appledeMacBook-Air-7:tests apple$ python -m memory_profiler test_a.py Filename: test_a.py Line # Mem usage Increment Line Contents ================================================ 40 31.000 MiB 31.000 MiB @profile 41 def test(): 42 46.266 MiB 0.000 MiB for i in range(3): 43 46.266 MiB 15.266 MiB a = [1] * (10 ** 6) 44 198.855 MiB 152.590 MiB b = [2] * (2 * 10 ** 7) 45 46.266 MiB -152.590 MiB del b 46 46.266 MiB 0.000 MiB return a