回顾
剧本中可以使用判断的方式，减少hosts（play）的个数
template jinjia2
剧本中不能使用if判断，使用when判断
shutdown -a 取消关机
shutdown -s 关机
shutdown -f 强行关闭应用程序
shutdown -m \计算机名 控制远程计算机
shutdown -i 显示“远程关机”图形用户界面，但必须是Shutdown的第一个参数
shutdown -l 注销当前用户
shutdown -r 关机并重启
shutdown -s -t 时间 设置关机倒计时
shutdown -h 休眠
centos6启动httpd /etc/init.d/httpd start
变量的使用并不能减少代码量,使用循环就可以减少代码量了
还原快照要重新推送m01上的公钥，才能使用ansible
bool值纯数字要加引号，字符串不用加
yum localinstall 在剧本中不会报错
文件类型：str
int 字符串类型
python中文件类型的区分是很严格的，
剧本中变量加双引号
循环一般在启动服务或者copy的时候使用
yum支持列表，一般不用循环
命令行不支持字典的形式调用变量，playbook支持
根据不同的操作系统安装apache
官方示例：
- hosts: all
tasks:
- name: "shut down Debian flavored systems"
command: /sbin/shutdown -t now
when: ansible_facts['os_family'] == "Debian" #不等于表示：!= 0
# 注意，'所有变量'都可以直接在条件语句中使用，而无需使用双大括号
- hosts: web_group
tasks:
- name: Install CentOS Httpd
yum:
name: httpd
state: present
#官方
when: ansible_['os_family'] == "CentOS" #判断系统
when: ansible.os_family == "CentOS"
#非官方（）
when: ansible_distribution == "CentOS"
- name: Install Ubuntu Httpd
yum:
name: apache2
state: present
when: ansible_facts['os_family'] == "Ubuntu"
when后面既可以是变量，又可以是指定值，一般后面跟变量，与hosts一起使用
[root@www ~]# ansible web01 -m setup |grep os_family
"ansible_os_family": "RedHat",
when的缩进和name注释一样
#facts 指的是 ansible_facts 变量，ansible 中使用 setup 模块来获取，包含系统的大部分基础硬件信息
还可以使用括号，and , or对条件进行分组
tasks:
- name: "shut down CentOS 6 and Debian 7 systems"
command: /sbin/shutdown -t now
when: (ansible_facts['distribution'] == "CentOS" and ansible_facts['distribution_major_version'] == "6") or
(ansible_facts['distribution'] == "Debian" and ansible_facts['distribution_major_version'] == "7")
#使用ansible_facts['distribution'] 判断系统 注意大小写
也可以指定多条件为列表（and 并且）
tasks:
- name: "shut down CentOS 6 systems"
command: /sbin/shutdown -t now
when:
- ansible_facts['distribution'] == "CentOS"
- ansible_facts['distribution_major_version'] == "6"
#列表形式等效于and
条件运算
tasks:
- shell: echo "only on Red Hat 6, derivatives, and later"
when: ansible_facts['os_family'] == "RedHat" and ansible_facts['lsb']['major_release']|int >= 6 #
rsync服务端推送配置文件
[root@m01 ~]# cat rsyncd/rsyncd.yml
- hosts: all ######
tasks:
- name: Install Rsyncd Server
yum:
name: rsync
state: present #可在这里使用ls -l 判断rsync是否安装
- name: Create www Group
group:
name: www
gid: 666
- name: Create www User
user:
name: www
group: www
uid: 666
create_home: false
shell: /sbin/nologin
- name: Scp Rsync Config
copy:
src: ./rsyncd.j2
dest: /etc/rsyncd.conf
owner: root
group: root
mode: 0644
when: ansible_hostname == "backup" #判断主机名
- name: Create Passwd File
copy:
content: 'rsync_backup:123'
dest: /etc/rsync.passwd
owner: root
group: root
mode: 0600
when: ansible_hostname == "backup"
- name: Create backup Directory
file:
path: /backup
state: directory
mode: 0755
owner: www
group: www
recurse: yes
when: ansible_hostname == "backup"
- name: Start Rsyncd Server
systemd:
name: rsyncd
state: started
when: ansible_hostname == "backup"
rsync客户端推送脚本
[root@m01 ~]# vim rsync.yml
- hosts: rsync_server
tasks:
- name: SCP Backup Shell
copy:
src: ./backup.sh
dest: /root/backup.sh
when: ansible_hostname is match "web*" #when支持通配符
when: ansible_hostname ~= "web*"
#when: ansible_hostname == "backup" or ansible_hostname == "nfs"
#这三种方式类似模糊匹配，都可以匹配多台web
#模糊匹配和and or不能一起使用
通过register将命令执行结果保存至变量，然后通过when语句进行判断
- hosts: web_group
tasks:
- name: Check Httpd Server
command: systemctl is-active httpd #查看服务状态
ignore_errors: yes #忽略报错，继续执行
register: check_httpd #将命令的执行结果注册变量
- name: debug outprint
debug: var=check_httpd #偶尔调试
- name: Httpd Restart
service:
name: httpd
state: restarted
when: check_httpd.rc == 0
#通过变量注册的方式可以进行非系统变量的调用,与'register: check_httpd'对应
#htpd
[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl is-active httpd
active
[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl is-active httpd
unknown
#nginx
[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl is-active nginx
active
[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl stop nginx
[root@lb01 ~]# systemctl is-active nginx
failed
playbook循环语句
在之前的学习过程中，我们经常会有传送文件，创建目录之类的操作，创建2个目录就要写两个file模块来创建，如果要创建100个目录，我们需要写100个file模块？？？妈耶~~~~ 当然不是，只要有循环即可，减少重复性代码。
启动多个服务
- hosts: web_group
tasks:
- name: start service
systemd:
name: "{{ item }}"
state: started
with_items:
- httpd
- php-fpm
- mariadb
定义变量循环
- name: ensure a list of packages installed
yum:
name: "{{ packages }}"
vars: #模块内定义变量
packages:
- httpd
- httpd-tools
- hosts: web_group
tasks:
- name: ensure a list of packages installed
yum: name= "{{ item }}" state=present #可以使用多个'='
with_items:
- httpd
- httpd-tools
#with_items一般放到模块的末尾，与模块同一缩进级别
字典循环
1.创建用户
[root@m01 ~]# cat loop.yml
- hosts: web_group
tasks:
- name: Add Users
user:
name: "{{ item.name }}"
groups: "{{ item.groups }}"
state: present
with_items:
- { name: 'zls', groups: 'linux' }
- { name: 'egon', groups: 'python' }
2.拷贝文件
- hosts: web_group
tasks:
- name: copy conf and code
copy:
src: "{{ item.src }}"
dest: "{{ item.dest }}"
mode: "{{ item.mode }}"
with_items:
- { src: "./httpd.conf", dest: "/etc/httpd/conf/", mode: "0644" }
- { src: "./upload_file.php", dest: "/var/www/html/", mode: "0600" }
#同一模块在一个剧本中多次出现，即可考虑使用循环
#同一模块在一个剧本中多次出现，对同一主机多次操作，即可考虑字典循环
playbook handler
handler用来执行某些条件下的任务，比如当配置文件发生变化的时候，通过notify触发handler去重启服务。
实践案例
[root@m01 ~]# cat handler.yml
- hosts: web_group
vars:
- http_port: 8080
tasks:
- name: Install Http Server
yum:
name: httpd
state: present
- name: config httpd server
template:
src: ./httpd.j2
dest: /etc/httpd/conf
notify: #
- Restart Httpd Server
- Restart PHP Server
- name: start httpd server
service:
name:httpd
state: started
enabled: yes
handlers: #
- name: Restart Httpd Server
systemd:
name: httpd
state: restarted
- name: Restart PHP Server
systemd:
name: php-fpm
state: restarted
练习：多个nginx配置文件的推送及触发器
注意：
1.无论多少个task通知了相同的handlers，handlers仅会在所有tasks结束后运行一次。
2.Handlers只有在其所在的任务被执行时，才会被运行；如果一个任务中定义了notify调用Handlers，但是由于条件判断等原因，该任务未被执行，那么Handlers同样不会被执行。
3.Handlers只会在每一个play的末尾运行一次；如果想在一个playbook中间运行Handlers，则需要使用meta模块来实现。例如： -meta: flush_handlers。
4.如果一个play在运行到调用Handlers的语句之前失败了，那么这个Handlers将不会被执行。我们可以使用meta模块的--force-handlers选项来强制执行Handlers，即使Handlers所在的play中途运行失败也能执行。
5.不能使用handlers替代tasks
playbook任务标签
默认情况下，Ansible在执行一个playbook时，会执行playbook中定义的所有任务，Ansible的标签(tag)功能可以给单独任务甚至整个playbook打上标签，然后利用这些标签来指定要运行playbook中的个别任务，或不执行指定的任务。
打标签的方式
1.对一个task打一个标签
2.对一个task打多个标签
3.对多个task打一个标签
打完标签如何使用
-t:执行指定的tag标签任务
--skip-tags:执行--skip-tags之外的标签任务
使用-t指定tag
[root@m01 m01]# cat tag.yml
- hosts: web_group
vars:
- http_port: 8080
tasks:
- name: Install Http Server
yum:
name: httpd
state: present
tags:
- install_httpd
- httpd_server
- name: configure httpd server
template:
src: ./httpd.j2
dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: Restart Httpd Server
tags:
- config_httpd
- httpd_server
- name: start httpd server
service:
name: httpd
state: started
enabled: yes
tags: service_httpd
handlers:
- name: Restart Httpd Server
systemd:
name: httpd
state: restarted
[root@m01 m01]# ansible-playbook tag.yml --list-tags
[root@m01 m01]# ansible-playbook tag.yml -t httpd_server
[root@m01 m01]# ansible-playbook tag.yml -t install_httpd,confiure_httpd
[root@m01 m01]# ansible-playbook tag.yml --skip-tags httpd_server
playbook文件复用
在之前写playbook的过程中，我们发现，写多个playbook没有办法，一键执行，这样我们还要单个playbook挨个去执行，很鸡肋。所以在playbook中有一个功能，叫做include用来动态调用task任务列表。

只调用task：include_tasks
调用整个task文件：include （新版本：import_playbook）
在saltstack中，叫做top file入口文件。
示例一：
[root@m01 m01]# cat task.yml
- hosts: web_group
vars:
- http_port: 8080
tasks:
- include_tasks: task_install.yml
- include_tasks: task_configure.yml
- include_tasks: task_start.yml
handlers:
- name: Restart Httpd Server
systemd:
name: httpd
state: restarted
[root@m01 m01]# cat task_install.yml
- name: Install Http Server
yum:
name: httpd
state: present
[root@m01 m01]# cat task_configure.yml
- name: configure httpd server
template:
src: ./httpd.j2
dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: Restart Httpd Server
[root@m01 m01]# cat task_start.yml
- name: start httpd server
service:
name: httpd
state: started
enabled: yes
示例二
- include: httpd.yml
- include: nfs.yml
- include: rsync.yml
示例三
- import_playbook: httpd.yml
- import_playbook: nfs.yml
- import_playbook: rsync.yml
playbook忽略错误
默认playbook会检测task执行的返回状态，如果遇到错误则会立即终止playbook的后续task执行，然鹅有些时候playbook即使执行错误了也要让其继续执行。
加入参数：ignore_errors:yes 忽略错误
[root@m01 ~]# cat ignore.yml
---
- hosts: web_group
tasks:
- name: Ignore False
command: /bin/false
ignore_errors: yes
- name: touch new file
file:
path: /tmp/zls.txt
state: touch
playbook错误处理
如上所述，当task执行失败时，playbook将不再继续执行，包括如果在task中设置了handler也不会被执行。
但是我们可以采取强制措施...
强制调用handler
[root@m01 ~]# cat handler.yml
- hosts: web_group
vars:
- http_port: 8080
force_handlers: yes
tasks:
- name: config httpd server
template:
src: ./httpd.j2
dest: /etc/httpd/conf
notify:
- Restart Httpd Server
- Restart PHP Server
- name: Install Http Server
yum:
name: htttpd
state: present
- name: start httpd server
service:
name:httpd
state: started
enabled: yes
handlers:
- name: Restart Httpd Server
systemd:
name: httpd
state: restarted
- name: Restart PHP Server
systemd:
name: php-fpm
state: restarted
抑制changed
被管理主机没有发生变化，可以使用参数将change状态改为ok
[root@m01 ~]# cat handler.yml
- hosts: web_group
vars:
- http_port: 8080
force_handlers: yes
tasks:
- name: shell
shell: netstat -lntup|grep httpd
register: check_httpd
changed_when: false
- name: debug
debug: msg={{ check_httpd.stdout.lines }}
[root@m01 project2]# cat changed_when.yml
- hosts: webservers
vars:
- http_port: 8080
tasks:
- name: configure httpd server
template:
src: ./httpd.j2
dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: Restart Httpd Server
- name: Check HTTPD
shell: /usr/sbin/httpd -t
register: httpd_check
changed_when:
- httpd_check.stdout.find('OK')
- false
- name: start httpd server
service:
name: httpd
state: started
enabled: yes
handlers:
- name: Restart Httpd Server
systemd:
name: httpd
state: restarted