一.序列化组件主要知识点
Serializer(偏底层)、ModelSerializer(重点)、ListModelSerializer(辅助群改)
二.Serializer组件
序列化准备:
模型层:models.py
class User(models.Model): SEX_CHOICES = [ [0, '男'], [1, '女'], ] name = models.CharField(max_length=64) pwd = models.CharField(max_length=32) phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, null=True, default=None) sex = models.IntegerField(choices=SEX_CHOICES, default=0) icon = models.ImageField(upload_to='icon', default='icon/default.jpg') class Meta: db_table = 'old_boy_user' verbose_name = '用户' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return '%s' % self.name
后台管理层:admin.py
from django.contrib import admin from . import models admin.site.register(models.User)
配置层:settings.py
# 注册rest_framework INSTALLED_APPS = [ # ... 'rest_framework', ] # 配置数据库 DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'day70', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123' } } # media资源 MEDIA_URL = '/media/' # 后期高级序列化类与视图类,会使用该配置 MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media') # media资源路径 # 国际化配置 LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False
主路由:项目下urls.py
urlpatterns = [ # ... url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')), url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}), ]
子路由:应用下urls.py
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^users/$', views.User.as_view()), url(r'^users/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.User.as_view()), ]
序列化使用
序列化层:api/serializers.py
""" 1)设置需要返回给前台 那些model类有对应的 字段,不需要返回的就不用设置了 2)设置方法字段,字段名可以随意,字段值有 get_字段名 提供,来完成一些需要处理在返回的数据 """
# 序列化组件 - 为每一个model类通过一套序列化工具类 # 序列化组件的工作方式与django froms组件非常相似 from rest_framework import serializers, exceptions from django.conf import settings from . import models class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer): name = serializers.CharField() phone = serializers.CharField() # 序列化提供给前台的字段个数由后台决定,可以少提供, # 但是提供的数据库对应的字段,名字一定要与数据库字段相同 # sex = serializers.IntegerField() # icon = serializers.ImageField() # 自定义序列化属性 # 属性名随意,值由固定的命名规范方法提供: # get_属性名(self, 参与序列化的model对象) # 返回值就是自定义序列化属性的值 gender = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_gender(self, obj): # choice类型的解释型值 get_字段_display() 来访问 return obj.get_sex_display() icon = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_icon(self, obj): # settings.MEDIA_URL: 自己配置的 /media/,给后面高级序列化与视图类准备的 # obj.icon不能直接作为数据返回,因为内容虽然是字符串,但是类型是ImageFieldFile类型 return '%s%s%s' % (r'http://127.0.0.1:8000', settings.MEDIA_URL, str(obj.icon))
视图层:views.py
""" 1)从数据库中将要序列化给前台的model对象,或是对个model对象查询出来 user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk) 或者 user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all() 2)将对象交给序列化处理,产生序列化对象,如果序列化的是多个数据,要设置many=True user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj) 或者 user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True) 3)序列化 对象.data 就是可以返回给前台的序列化数据 return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 0, 'results': user_ser.data }) """
class User(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: try: # 用户对象不能直接作为数据返回给前台 user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk) # 序列化一下用户对象 user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj) # print(user_ser, type(user_ser)) return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 0, 'results': user_ser.data }) except: return Response({ 'status': 2, 'msg': '用户不存在', }) else: # 用户对象列表(queryset)不能直接作为数据返回给前台 user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all() # 序列化一下用户对象 user_ser_data = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True).data return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 0, 'results': user_ser_data })
反序列化使用
反序列层:api/serializers.py
""" 1)设置必填与选填序列化字段,设置校验规则 2)为需要额外校验的字段提供局部钩子函数,如果该字段不入库,且不参与全局钩子校验,可以将值取出校验 3)为有联合关系的字段们提供全局钩子函数,如果某些字段不入库,可以将值取出校验 4)重写create方法,完成校验通过的数据入库工作,得到新增的对象 """
class UserDeserializer(serializers.Serializer): # 1) 哪些自动必须反序列化 # 2) 字段都有哪些安全校验 # 3) 哪些字段需要额外提供校验 # 4) 哪些字段间存在联合校验 # 注:反序列化字段都是用来入库的,不会出现自定义方法属性,会出现可以设置校验规则的自定义属性(re_pwd) name = serializers.CharField( max_length=64, min_length=3, error_messages={ 'max_length': '太长', 'min_length': '太短' } ) pwd = serializers.CharField() phone = serializers.CharField(required=False) sex = serializers.IntegerField(required=False) # 自定义有校验规则的反序列化字段 re_pwd = serializers.CharField(required=True) # 小结: # name,pwd,re_pwd为必填字段 # phone,sex为选填字段 # 五个字段都必须提供完成的校验规则 # 局部钩子:validate_要校验的字段名(self, 当前要校验字段的值) # 校验规则:校验通过返回原值,校验失败,抛出异常 def validate_name(self, value): if 'g' in value.lower(): # 名字中不能出现g raise exceptions.ValidationError('名字非法,是个鸡贼!') return value # 全局钩子:validate(self, 系统与局部钩子校验通过的所有数据) # 校验规则:校验通过返回原值,校验失败,抛出异常 def validate(self, attrs): pwd = attrs.get('pwd') re_pwd = attrs.pop('re_pwd') if pwd != re_pwd: raise exceptions.ValidationError({'pwd&re_pwd': '两次密码不一致'}) return attrs # 要完成新增,需要自己重写 create 方法 def create(self, validated_data): # 尽量在所有校验规则完毕之后,数据可以直接入库 return models.User.objects.create(**validated_data)
视图层:views.py
""" 1)book_ser = serializers.UserDeserializer(data=request_data) # 数据必须赋值data 2)book_ser.is_valid() # 结果为 通过 | 不通过 3)不通过返回 book_ser.errors 给前台,通过 book_ser.save() 得到新增的对象,再正常返回 """
class User(APIView): # 只考虑单增 def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # 请求数据 request_data = request.data # 数据是否合法(增加对象需要一个字典数据) if not isinstance(request_data, dict) or request_data == {}: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '数据有误', }) # 数据类型合法,但数据内容不一定合法,需要校验数据,校验(参与反序列化)的数据需要赋值给data book_ser = serializers.UserDeserializer(data=request_data) # 序列化对象调用is_valid()完成校验,校验失败的失败信息都会被存储在 序列化对象.errors if book_ser.is_valid(): # 校验通过,完成新增 book_obj = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.UserSerializer(book_obj).data }) else: # 校验失败 return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': book_ser.errors, })
二.ModelSerializer(重点和开发中使用最多)
1.模块准备和表设计和基类
配置:settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [ # ... 'rest_framework', ] DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'dg_proj', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123', } } """ 任何__init__文件 import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb() """ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False MEDIA_URL = '/media/' MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
路由:url.py
# 主 from django.conf.urls import url, include from django.contrib import admin from django.views.static import serve from django.conf import settings urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')), url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}), ] # 子 from django.conf.urls import url from . import views urlpatterns = [ ]
多表设计
""" Book表:name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time Publish表:name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表:name、age、is_delete、create_time AuthorDetail表:mobile, author、is_delete、create_time BaseModel基表 is_delete、create_time 上面四表继承基表,可以继承两个字段 """
基类表:将各个类共有的is_delete和create_time属性集合到一个基类中,其他类继承该基类
class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 设置 abstract = True 来声明基表,作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表 class Meta: abstract = True
model类
from django.db import models # 图书管理系统:Book、Author、AuthorDetail、Publish """ Book表: name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time Publish表: name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表: name、age、is_delete、create_time AuthorDetail表: mobile, author、is_delete、create_time """ # 1) 基表 class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # 作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表,设置 abstract = True class Meta: abstract = True class Book(BaseModel): """name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2) img = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.jpg') publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', db_constraint=False, # 断关联 related_name='books', # 反向查询字段:publish_obj.books 就能访问所有出版的书 on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, # 设置连表操作关系 ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='books' ) # 序列化插拔式属性 - 完成自定义字段名完成连表查询 @property def publish_name(self): return self.publish.name @property def author_list(self): return self.authors.values('name', 'age', 'detail__mobile').all() class Meta: db_table = 'book' verbose_name = '书籍' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class Publish(BaseModel): """name、address、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) address = models.CharField(max_length=64) class Meta: db_table = 'publish' verbose_name = '出版社' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class Author(BaseModel): """name、age、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) age = models.IntegerField() class Meta: db_table = 'author' verbose_name = '作者' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return self.name class AuthorDetail(BaseModel): """mobile, author、is_delete、create_time""" mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11) author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='detail', on_delete=models.CASCADE, ) class Meta: db_table = 'author_detail' verbose_name = '作者详情' verbose_name_plural = verbose_name def __str__(self): return '%s的详情' % self.author.name
2.多表断关联
重点
""" 1、外键位置: 一对多 - 外键放多的一方 一对一 - 从逻辑正反向考虑,如作者表与作者详情表,作者删除级联删除详情,详情删除作者依旧存在,所以建议外键在详情表中 多对多 - 外键在关系表中 2、ORM正向方向连表查找: 正向:通过外键字段 eg: author_detial_obj.author 反向:通过related_name的值 eg:author_obj.detail 注:依赖代码见下方 3、连表操作关系: 1)作者删除,详情级联 - on_delete=models.CASCADE 2)作者删除,详情置空 - null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL 3)作者删除,详情重置 - default=0, on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT 4)作者删除,详情不动 - on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING 注:拿作者与作者详情表举例 4、外键关联字段的参数 - 如何实现 断关联、目前表间操作关系、方向查询字段 i)作者详情表中的 author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', related_name='detail', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.CASCADE ) ii)图书表中的 publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', related_name='books', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author' related_name='books', db_constraint=False, ) 注:ManyToManyField不能设置on_delete,OneToOneField、ForeignKey必须设置on_delete(django1.x系统默认级联,但是django2.x必须手动明确) """
3.ModelSerializer序列化
序列化层:api/sereializers.py
from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer, SerializerMethodField from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError from . import models # 可以单独作为Publish接口的序列化类,也可以作为Book序列化外键publish辅助的序列化组件 class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Publish fields = ('name', 'address') class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 了解: 该方式设置的序列化字段,必须在fields中声明 # publish_address = SerializerMethodField() # def get_publish_address(self, obj): # return obj.publish.address # 自定义连表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 该方式不能参与反序列化,使用在序列化反序列化共存时,不能书写 publish = PublishModelSerializer() class Meta: # 序列化类关联的model类 model = models.Book # 参与序列化的字段 fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish') # 了解知识点 # 所有字段 # fields = '__all__' # 与fields不共存,exclude排除哪些字段 # exclude = ('id', 'is_delete', 'create_time') # 自动连表深度 # depth = 1
视图层:api/views.py
class Book(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: try: book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False) book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data except: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '书籍不存在' }) else: book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all() book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True).data return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': book_data })
路由层:api/urls.py
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]
4.ModelSerializer反序列化
序列化层:api/serializers.py
class BookModelDeserializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Book fields = ('name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors') # extra_kwargs 用来完成反序列化字段的 系统校验规则 extra_kwargs = { 'name': { 'required': True, 'min_length': 1, 'error_messages': { 'required': '必填项', 'min_length': '太短', } } } # 局部钩子 def validate_name(self, value): # 书名不能包含 g 字符 if 'g' in value.lower(): raise ValidationError('该g书不能出版') return value # 全局钩子 def validate(self, attrs): publish = attrs.get('publish') name = attrs.get('name') if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish): raise ValidationError({'book': '该书已存在'}) return attrs # ModelSerializer类已经帮我们实现了 create 与 update 方法
视图层:api/views.py
class Book(APIView): def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data book_ser = serializers.BookModelDeserializer(data=request_data) # raise_exception=True:当校验失败,马上终止当前视图方法,抛异常返回给前台 book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_obj = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data })
路由层:api/urls.py
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]
5.ModelSerializer序列化和反序列化整合(重点)
序列化层:api/serializers.py
""" 1) fields中设置所有序列化与反序列化字段 2) extra_kwargs划分只序列化或只反序列化字段 write_only:只反序列化 read_only:只序列化 自定义字段默认只序列化(read_only) 3) 设置反序列化所需的 系统、局部钩子、全局钩子 等校验规则 """ class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Book fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish_name', 'publish', 'authors') extra_kwargs = { 'name': { 'required': True, 'min_length': 1, 'error_messages': { 'required': '必填项', 'min_length': '太短', } }, 'publish': { 'write_only': True }, 'authors': { 'write_only': True }, 'img': { 'read_only': True, }, 'author_list': { 'read_only': True, }, 'publish_name': { 'read_only': True, } } def validate_name(self, value): # 书名不能包含 g 字符 if 'g' in value.lower(): raise ValidationError('该g书不能出版') return value def validate(self, attrs): publish = attrs.get('publish') name = attrs.get('name') if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish): raise ValidationError({'book': '该书已存在'}) return attrs
视图层:api/views.py
class V2Book(APIView): # 单查:有pk # 群查:无pk def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: try: book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False) book_data = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data except: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '书籍不存在' }) else: book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all() book_data = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True).data return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': book_data }) # 单增:传的数据是与model对应的字典 # 群增:传的数据是 装多个 model对应字典 的列表 def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data if isinstance(request_data, dict): many = False elif isinstance(request_data, list): many = True else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '数据有误', }) book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(data=request_data, many=many) # 当校验失败,马上终止当前视图方法,抛异常返回给前台 book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_result = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_result, many=many).data }) # 单删:有pk # 群删:有pks | {"pks": [1, 2, 3]} def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs): pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk: pks = [pk] else: pks = request.data.get('pks') if models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks, is_delete=False).update(is_delete=True): return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': '删除成功', }) return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '删除失败', })
路由层:api/urls.py
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^v2/books/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), ]
三.基于ModelSerializer实现数据的修改
1.单与群,整体修改
路由层、模型层、序列化层不需要做修改,只需要处理视图层:views.py
""" 1) 单整体改,说明前台要提供修改的数据,那么数据就需要校验,校验的数据应该在实例化“序列化类对象”时,赋值给data 2)修改,就必须明确被修改的模型类对象,并在实例化“序列化类对象”时,赋值给instance 3)整体修改,所有校验规则有required=True的字段,都必须提供,因为在实例化“序列化类对象”时,参数partial默认为False 注:如果partial值设置为True,就是可以局部改 1)单整体修改,一般用put请求: V2BookModelSerializer( instance=要被更新的对象, data=用来更新的数据, partial=默认False,必须的字段全部参与校验 ) 2)单局部修改,一般用patch请求: V2BookModelSerializer( instance=要被更新的对象, data=用来更新的数据, partial=设置True,必须的字段都变为选填字段 ) 注:partial设置True的本质就是使字段 required=True 校验规则失效 """
单改
class V2Book(APIView): # 单整体改: 对 v2/books/(pk)/ 传的数据是与model对应的字典{name|price|publish|authors} def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data pk = kwargs.get('pk') old_book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() # 目的:将众多数据的校验交给序列化类来处理 - 让序列化类扮演反序列化角色,校验成功后,序列化类来帮你入库 book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=old_book_obj, data=request_data, partial=False) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) # 校验通过,完成数据的更新:要更新的目标,用来更新的新数据 book_obj = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data })
群改
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data pk = kwargs.get('pk') if pk and isinstance(request_data, dict): pks = [pk] request_data = [request_data] elif (not pk) and isinstance(request_data, list): pks = [] for dic in request_data: pk = dic.pop('pk', None) # 如果有pk,判断是否是对的pk, if pk: pks.append(pk) else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '修改失败' }) else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '修改失败' }) objs = [] new_request_data = [] for index, pk in enumerate(pks): try: obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk) objs.append(obj) new_request_data.append(request_data[index]) except: pass book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=new_request_data, many=True) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_obj = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'put ok', 'result': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj, many=True).data })
2.单与群,局部修改
序列化层:serializers.py
# 重点:ListSerializer与ModelSerializer建立关联的是: # ModelSerializer的Meta类的 - list_serializer_class class V2BookListSerializer(ListSerializer): def update(self, instance, validated_data): # print(instance) # 要更新的对象们 # print(validated_data) # 更新的对象对应的数据们 # print(self.child) # 服务的模型序列化类 - V2BookModelSerializer for index, obj in enumerate(instance): self.child.update(obj, validated_data[index]) return instance # 原模型序列化类变化 class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: # ... # 群改,需要设置 自定义ListSerializer,重写群改的 update 方法 list_serializer_class = V2BookListSerializer # ...
视图层:views.py
class V2Book(APIView): # 单局部改:对 v2/books/(pk)/ 传的数据,数据字段key都是选填 # 群局部改:对 v2/books/ # 请求数据 - [{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}] def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): request_data = request.data pk = kwargs.get('pk') # 将单改,群改的数据都格式化成 pks=[要需要的对象主键标识] | request_data=[每个要修改的对象对应的修改数据] if pk and isinstance(request_data, dict): # 单改 pks = [pk, ] request_data = [request_data, ] elif not pk and isinstance(request_data, list): # 群改 pks = [] for dic in request_data: # 遍历前台数据[{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}],拿一个个字典 pk = dic.pop('pk', None) if pk: pks.append(pk) else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '数据有误', }) else: return Response({ 'status': 1, 'msg': '数据有误', }) # pks与request_data数据筛选, # 1)将pks中的没有对应数据的pk与数据已删除的pk移除,request_data对应索引位上的数据也移除 # 2)将合理的pks转换为 objs objs = [] new_request_data = [] for index, pk in enumerate(pks): try: # pk对应的数据合理,将合理的对象存储 obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk) objs.append(obj) # 对应索引的数据就需要保存下来 new_request_data.append(request_data[index]) except: # 重点:反面教程 - pk对应的数据有误,将对应索引的data中request_data中移除 # index = pks.index(pk) # request_data.pop(index) continue book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=new_request_data, partial=True, many=True) book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True) book_objs = book_ser.save() return Response({ 'status': 0, 'msg': 'ok', 'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_objs, many=True).data })
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