• Linux中的LVM和软RAID


        在实际工作中,会经常碰到所给的服务器硬盘容量太小,而实际的应用软件中却需要一个容量较大的分区进行数据存储等,除了通过硬件RAID卡来实现合并多硬盘外,其实我们也可以通过软件的方式来实现。

    实验环境

    • 虚拟机:CentOS 6.6 x64
    • 硬盘1:/dev/sdb
    • 硬盘2:/dev/sdc
    • 硬盘3:/dev/sdd

      详细硬盘列表信息如下所示:
    01硬盘列表.jpg

    使用LVM合并硬盘

    使用LVM(Logical Volume Manager)目的如下所示:

    将多块独立的硬盘合并为逻辑上的一块,并挂载到指定的挂载点中,达到在一个目录中使用多块硬盘所有空间的效果

    LVM相关概念

    • PV(Physical Volume):物理卷

    硬盘分区后但还未格式化为文件系统,可使用pvcreate命令将分区创建为PV,其对应的system ID为8e即LVM格式所对应的系统标识符。

    • VG(Volume Group):卷组

    将多个PV组合起来,使用vgcreate创建卷组,这样卷组就可以包含多个PV,相当于重新组合多个分区后所得到的磁盘。虽然VG是组合了多个PV,但创建VG时会将VG所有的空间根据指定的PE大小划分为多个PE,在LVM模式中存储都是以PE为单元,类似于文件系统中的BLOCK。

    • PE(Physical Extent):物理块

    PE是VG的存储单元,实际的数据都是存储在PE中

    • LV(Logical Volume):逻辑卷

    VG相当于组合的多个硬盘,则LV相当于分区,只不过该分区是通过VG进行划分的。VG中存在很多PE,可以指定将多少个PE划分给一个LV,也可以直接指定大小来划分。划分为LV后就相当于划分了分区,仅需要对LV进行格式化文件系统即可。

    • LE(Logical Extent):逻辑块

    PE是物理存储单元,而LE则是逻辑存储单元,即LE为LV中的逻辑存储单元,与PE大小一致。从VG中划分LV,实际上就是从VG中划分PE,而划分LV后称之为LE,而不是PE了。

    LVM之所以能够伸缩容量,其实现方法就是将LV中的PE进行删除或增加
    
    • LVM的存储机制

        LV是从VG中划分出来的,因此LV中的PE可能来自于多个PV。因此向LV存储数据时,主要有两种机制:

    • [ ] 线性模式(Linear):先将数据存储在属于同一个PV的PE,然后再向下一个PV中的PE
    • [ ] 条带模式(Striped):将一份数据拆分为多份,分别写入该LV对应的每个PV中,类似于RAID 0,因此读写性能会优于线性模式。
    尽管条带模式读写性能会比较好,但LVM的重点是扩展容量而非性能,如果要实现读写性能还是推荐采用RAID方式实现。
    
    • LVM示意图
      02LVM示意图.png

    创建LVM操作步骤

    1、创建PV(Physical Volume)

    [root@Wine ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
      Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
      Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created
      Physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully created
    

    2、查看创建的PV列表

    [root@Wine ~]# pvs # 查看列表
      PV         VG   Fmt  Attr PSize  PFree
      /dev/sdb        lvm2 ---  40.00g 40.00g
      /dev/sdc        lvm2 ---  50.00g 50.00g
      /dev/sdd        lvm2 ---  30.00g 30.00g
    或
    [root@Wine ~]# pvscan
      PV /dev/sdb         lvm2 [40.00 GiB]
      PV /dev/sdc         lvm2 [50.00 GiB]
      PV /dev/sdd         lvm2 [30.00 GiB]
      Total: 3 [120.00 GiB] / in use: 0 [0   ] / in no VG: 3 [120.00 GiB]
    [root@Wine ~]# pvdisplay # 查看PV详细信息
      "/dev/sdb" is a new physical volume of "40.00 GiB"
      --- NEW Physical volume ---
      PV Name               /dev/sdb
      VG Name               
      PV Size               40.00 GiB
      Allocatable           NO
      PE Size               0   
      Total PE              0
      Free PE               0
      Allocated PE          0
      PV UUID               9vAxyC-FsAc-S2HA-aCze-MZe5-em24-7th27s
      "/dev/sdc" is a new physical volume of "50.00 GiB"
      --- NEW Physical volume ---
      PV Name               /dev/sdc
      VG Name               
      PV Size               50.00 GiB
      Allocatable           NO
      PE Size               0   
      Total PE              0
      Free PE               0
      Allocated PE          0
      PV UUID               HdbCuK-hFkP-QQbr-Naaa-PNzz-WFNw-78uXs3
      "/dev/sdd" is a new physical volume of "30.00 GiB"
      --- NEW Physical volume ---
      PV Name               /dev/sdd
      VG Name               
      PV Size               30.00 GiB
      Allocatable           NO
      PE Size               0   
      Total PE              0
      Free PE               0
      Allocated PE          0
      PV UUID               EpPdAf-ku4b-zIMm-V2Np-gnuC-59nj-L0Zd9G
    

    3、创建VG(Volume Group)
      创建的VG的使用方法如下

    vgcreate [自定义LVM名称] [设备]

    [root@Wine ~]# vgcreate TestLVM /dev/sdb # 创建主要卷组
      Volume group "TestLVM" successfully created
    [root@Wine ~]# vgdisplay # 显示卷组详细信息
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               TestLVM
      System ID             
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        1
      Metadata Sequence No  1
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                0
      Open LV               0
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                1
      Act PV                1
      VG Size               40.00 GiB
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              10239
      Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
      Free  PE / Size       10239 / 40.00 GiB
      VG UUID               s0gVkf-FScU-7x9v-HIx3-cinR-Sc60-IHgKmn
    

    4、向VG中添加PV(Volume Group)
      向VG中添加PV的使用方法如下

    vgextend [自定义LVM名称] [设备]

    [root@Wine ~]# vgextend TestLVM /dev/sdc /dev/sdd # 创建扩展卷组,并使其合并到一个卷组中
      Volume group "TestLVM" successfully extended # 查看扩展卷组
    [root@Wine ~]# vgdisplay
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               TestLVM
      System ID             
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        3
      Metadata Sequence No  2
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                0
      Open LV               0
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                3
      Act PV                3
      VG Size               119.99 GiB # 注意这里与前面的区别
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              30717
      Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
      Free  PE / Size       30717 / 119.99 GiB
      VG UUID               s0gVkf-FScU-7x9v-HIx3-cinR-Sc60-IHgKmn
    

    5、创建LV(Logical Volume)

      创建的LV的使用方法如下

    lvcreate -L[自定义分区大小] -n[自定义分区名称] [VG名称]

    lvcreate -l[%{ VG | FREE | ORIGIN }] -n[自定义分区名称] [VG名称]

    [root@Wine ~]# lvcreate -l 100%VG -nTestData TestLVM # 创建LV
      Logical volume "TestData" created
    [root@Wine ~]# lvscan # 查看创建的LV列表
      ACTIVE            '/dev/TestLVM/TestData' [119.99 GiB] inherit
    [root@Wine ~]# lvdisplay # 查看创建的LV详细信息
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Path                /dev/TestLVM/TestData
      LV Name                TestData
      VG Name                TestLVM
      LV UUID                2zvNe9-dtlv-pcWc-oTnJ-6INz-e2dI-vRQ7Vq
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Creation host, time Wine, 2018-11-14 11:01:56 +0800
      LV Status              available
      # open                 0
      LV Size                119.99 GiB
      Current LE             30717
      Segments               3
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     256
      Block device           253:0
    

    6、格式化分区

    [root@Wine ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/TestLVM/TestData # 格式化分区
    mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
    文件系统标签=
    操作系统:Linux
    块大小=4096 (log=2)
    分块大小=4096 (log=2)
    Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
    7864320 inodes, 31454208 blocks
    1572710 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    第一个数据块=0
    Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
    960 block groups
    32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    8192 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
            32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
            4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872
    
    正在写入inode表: 完成                            
    Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
    
    This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or
    180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
    

    7、创建挂载点并进行挂载

    [root@Wine ~]# mkdir /LVM
    [root@Wine ~]# mount /dev/TestLVM/TestData /LVM/
    [root@Wine ~]# df -Th
    Filesystem           Type   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda2            ext4    79G  9.6G   65G  13% /
    tmpfs                tmpfs  7.8G   72K  7.8G   1% /dev/shm
    /dev/sda1            ext4   190M   32M  149M  18% /boot
    /dev/mapper/TestLVM-TestData  ext4   118G   60M  112G   1% /LVM # 创建的LVM挂载点
    

    8、添加开机自动挂载

    [root@Wine ~]# echo '/dev/TestLVM/TestData  /LVM ext4 defaults 0 0 ' >> /etc/fstab
    

    删除LVM操作步骤

    1、在备份LVM数据后,先卸载挂载点并删除/etc/fstab中的挂载记录

    [root@Wine ~]# umount /LVM/;df -h
    Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda2        79G  9.6G   65G  13% /
    tmpfs           7.8G   72K  7.8G   1% /dev/shm
    /dev/sda1       190M   32M  149M  18% /boot
    

    2、删除LV

    [root@Wine ~]# lvremove /dev/TestLVM/TestData
    Do you really want to remove active logical volume TestData? [y/n]: y
      Logical volume "TestData" successfully removed
    

    3、删除VG

    [root@Wine ~]# vgremove TestLVM
      Volume group "TestLVM" successfully removed
    

    4、删除PV

    [root@Wine ~]# pvremove /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
      Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully wiped
      Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully wiped
      Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully wiped
    

    使用软RAID

    创建软RAID

        RAID通过分为两种:

    • 硬件RAID:通过RAID卡连接多个硬盘或服务器主板集成RAID控制器从而实现RAID相关功能
    • 软件RAID:通过软件层面来模拟实现RAID的相关功能,从而达到与硬件RAID相同的功能

    在Linux中通常是使用md模块来实现软件RAID

    1、确认操作系统是否安装mdadm包

    [root@Wine ~]# rpm -q mdadm
    mdadm-3.3-6.el6.x86_64
    

    2、对进行需要创建软件的硬盘进行分区并设置分区类型为RAID

    [root@Wine ~]# lsblk # 显示硬盘和分区信息
    NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
    sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  
    sdb      8:16   0   40G  0 disk 
    sdd      8:48   0   30G  0 disk 
    sdc      8:32   0   50G  0 disk 
    sda      8:0    0   80G  0 disk 
    ├─sda1   8:1    0  200M  0 part /boot
    └─sda2   8:2    0 79.8G  0 part /
    # 创建分区
    [root@Wine ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
    Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
    Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x7bfec905.
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
    
    Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
    
    WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
             switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
             sectors (command 'u').
    
    Command (m for help): n # 添加新分区
    Command action
       e   extended
       p   primary partition (1-4)
    p # 选择分区类型
    Partition number (1-4): 1 # 设置分区号
    First cylinder (1-5221, default 1): 
    Using default value 1
    Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-5221, default 5221): 
    Using default value 5221
    
    Command (m for help): l # 打印支持的分区格式类型
    
     0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
     1  FAT12           39  Plan 9          82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
     2  XENIX root      3c  PartitionMagic  83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
     3  XENIX usr       40  Venix 80286     84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
     4  FAT16 <32M      41  PPC PReP Boot   85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
     5  Extended        42  SFS             86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
     6  FAT16           4d  QNX4.x          87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
     7  HPFS/NTFS       4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
     8  AIX             4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
     9  AIX bootable    50  OnTrack DM      93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
     a  OS/2 Boot Manag 51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
     b  W95 FAT32       52  CP/M            9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
     c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
     e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
     f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55  EZ-Drive        a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
    10  OPUS            56  Golden Bow      a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
    11  Hidden FAT12    5c  Priam Edisk     a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
    12  Compaq diagnost 61  SpeedStor       a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
    14  Hidden FAT16 <3 63  GNU HURD or Sys ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
    16  Hidden FAT16    64  Novell Netware  af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    
    17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 65  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 
    18  AST SmartSleep  70  DiskSecure Mult b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
    1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
    1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 80  Old Minix       be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
    1e  Hidden W95 FAT1
    
    Command (m for help): t # 更改分区类型
    Selected partition 1
    Hex code (type L to list codes): fd # 设置分区类型为RAID
    Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
    
    Command (m for help): p # 打印信息
    
    Disk /dev/sdb: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x7bfec905
    
       Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/sdb1               1        5221    41937651   fd  Linux raid autodetect
    
    Command (m for help): w # 保存分区信息
    The partition table has been altered!
    
    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
    Syncing disks.
    

    fdisk命令只适合小于2T的硬盘,如大于2T则需要使用parted。

      使用parted命令创建RAID的如下所示:

    [root@Wine ~]# parted /dev/sdc
    GNU Parted 2.1
    使用 /dev/sdc
    Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
    (parted) mklabel gpt                                                   
    警告: The existing disk label on /dev/sdc will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
    是/Yes/否/No? y
    (parted) mkpart primary 1 -1
    (parted) set 1 raid   # 关键步骤在这里
    新状态?  [开]/on/关/off? on
    (parted) print
    Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
    Disk /dev/sdc: 53.7GB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
    Partition Table: gpt
    
    Number  Start   End     Size    File system  Name     标志
     1      1049kB  53.7GB  53.7GB               primary  raid
    

    3、使用mdadm创建RAID

    [root@Wine ~]# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --auto yes --level 0 -n3 /dev/sd{b,c,d}1 
    mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
    mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
    [root@Wine ~]# lsblk
    NAME    MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
    sr0      11:0    1  1024M  0 rom   
    sdb       8:16   0    40G  0 disk  
    └─sdb1    8:17   0    40G  0 part  
      └─md0   9:0    0 119.9G  0 raid0 
    sdd       8:48   0    30G  0 disk  
    └─sdd1    8:49   0    30G  0 part  
      └─md0   9:0    0 119.9G  0 raid0 
    sdc       8:32   0    50G  0 disk  
    └─sdc1    8:33   0    50G  0 part  
      └─md0   9:0    0 119.9G  0 raid0 
    sda       8:0    0    80G  0 disk  
    ├─sda1    8:1    0   200M  0 part  /boot
    └─sda2    8:2    0  79.8G  0 part  /
    

     该命令中各参数说明:

    • -C/--create:新建阵列
    • -a/--auto:允许mdadm创建设备文件,一般常用参数-a yes一次性创建
    • -l/--levle:RAID模式,支持RAID0/1/4/5/6/10等
    • -n/--raid-devices=:创建阵列中活动磁盘的数量
    • /dev/md0:阵列的设备名称
    • /dev/sd{b,c,d}1:创建阵列中的物理磁盘分区信息

    更多mdadm帮助,可使用mdadm -h 或 man mdadm

      创建完成后,查看阵列状态:

    [root@Wine ~]# cat /proc/mdstat 
    Personalities : [raid0] 
    md0 : active raid0 sdd1[2] sdc1[1] sdb1[0]
          125722624 blocks super 1.2 512k chunks      
    unused devices: <none>
    或使用
    [root@Wine ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 # 查看软件RAID信息
    /dev/md0:
            Version : 1.2
      Creation Time : Wed Nov 14 14:36:11 2018
         Raid Level : raid0
         Array Size : 125722624 (119.90 GiB 128.74 GB)
       Raid Devices : 3
      Total Devices : 3
        Persistence : Superblock is persistent
    
        Update Time : Wed Nov 14 14:36:11 2018
              State : clean 
     Active Devices : 3
    Working Devices : 3
     Failed Devices : 0
      Spare Devices : 0
    
         Chunk Size : 512K
    
               Name : Wine:0  (local to host Wine)
               UUID : 2c8da2fd:7729efbd:5e414dd0:9cfb9f5f
             Events : 0
    
        Number   Major   Minor   RaidDevice State
           0       8       17        0      active sync   /dev/sdb1
           1       8       33        1      active sync   /dev/sdc1
           2       8       49        2      active sync   /dev/sdd1
    

    4、创建md0配置文件

    [root@Wine ~]# echo DEVICE /dev/sd{b,c,d}1 >> /etc/mdadm.conf
    [root@Wine ~]# mdadm -Evs >> /etc/mdadm.conf 
    [root@Wine ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf 
    DEVICE /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
    ARRAY /dev/md/0  level=raid0 metadata=1.2 num-devices=3 UUID=2c8da2fd:7729efbd:5e414dd0:9cfb9f5f name=Wine:0
       devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1,/dev/sdd1
    

    5、格式化RAID分区

    [root@Wine ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/md0
    mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
    文件系统标签=
    操作系统:Linux
    块大小=4096 (log=2)
    分块大小=4096 (log=2)
    Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=384 blocks
    7864320 inodes, 31430656 blocks
    1571532 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    第一个数据块=0
    Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
    960 block groups
    32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    8192 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
            32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
            4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872
    
    正在写入inode表: 完成                            
    Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
    
    This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
    180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
    

    6、添加开机自动挂载

    [root@Wine ~]# blkid | grep /dev/md # 这里推荐使用UUID进行挂载
    /dev/md0: UUID="40829115-a1c5-4d5a-af4a-07225a4619fc" TYPE="ext4"
    [root@Wine ~]# echo "UUID=40829115-a1c5-4d5a-af4a-07225a4619fc /SoftRAID ext4 defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab# 添加挂载信息到/etc/fstab中
    [root@Wine ~]# mount -a;df -h # 查看系统挂载信息
    Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/sda2        79G  9.6G   65G  13% /
    tmpfs           7.8G   72K  7.8G   1% /dev/shm
    /dev/sda1       190M   32M  149M  18% /boot
    /dev/md0      118G   60M  112G   1% /SoftRAID
    

    删除软RAID

    1、卸载挂载点

    [root@Wine ~]# umount /dev/md0
    

    2、停止软件RAID设备

    [root@Wine ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0
    mdadm: stopped /dev/md0
    

    3、删除RAID中的磁盘

    [root@Wine ~]# mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sd{b,c,d}1
    

    4、删除mdadm配置文件

    [root@Wine ~]# rm -f /etc/mdadm.conf
    

    5、删除/etc/fstab中的挂载信息

        以上即是在Linux常见的两种将多个硬盘合并容量的方法,仅作为参考。在现实环境中还是推荐使用硬件RAID,数据无价。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/surpassme/p/9959935.html
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