转：SQL 索引最左前缀原理

表结构和索引列

假设数据库中表是这样的： 

我们只考虑一张表employees.titles： 
索引是（emp_no，title，from_date）

SHOW INDEX FROM employees.titles;
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| Table  | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Null | Index_type |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| titles |          0 | PRIMARY  |            1 | emp_no      | A         |        NULL |      | BTREE      |
| titles |          0 | PRIMARY  |            2 | title       | A         |        NULL |      | BTREE      |
| titles |          0 | PRIMARY  |            3 | from_date   | A         |      443308 |      | BTREE      |
| titles |          1 | emp_no   |            1 | emp_no      | A         |      443308 |      | BTREE      |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+

titles表的主索引为<emp_no, title, from_date>，还有一个辅助索引<emp_no>。

为了避免多个索引使事情变复杂（MySQL的SQL优化器在多索引时行为比较复杂），这里我们将辅助索引drop掉：

ALTER TABLE employees.titles DROP INDEX emp_no;

下面分情况讨论，注意每个查询结果的key_len，key_len 越长，索引用到的越多

全列匹配

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref               | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | const,const,const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+

当按照索引中所有列进行精确匹配（这里精确匹指“=”或“IN”匹配）时，索引可以被用到。

这里有一点需要注意，理论上索引对顺序是敏感的，但是由于MySQL的查询优化器会自动调整where子句的条件顺序以使用适合的索引，例如将where中的条件顺序颠倒：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26' AND emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref               | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | const,const,const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+

依然能触发索引

最左前缀匹配

比如（emp_no，title）查询是可以触发索引的

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+

查询条件用到了索引中列的精确匹配，但是中间某个条件未提供

比如查询（emp_no，from_date）

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

这样只会触发emp_no索引，而后面的from_date虽然也在索引中，但是由于title不存在而无法和左前缀连接，因此需要对结果进行扫描过滤from_date。

如果想让from_date也使用索引而不是where过滤，可以增加一个辅助索引<emp_no, from_date>，此时上面的查询会使用这个索引。

除此之外，还可以使用一种称之为“隔离列”的优化方法，将emp_no与from_date之间的“坑”填上。

首先我们看下title一共有几种不同的值：

SELECT DISTINCT(title) FROM employees.titles;
+--------------------+
| title              |
+--------------------+
| Senior Engineer    |
| Staff              |
| Engineer           |
| Senior Staff       |
| Assistant Engineer |
| Technique Leader   |
| Manager            |
+--------------------+

只有7种。在这种成为“坑”的列值比较少的情况下，可以考虑用“IN”来填补这个“坑”从而形成最左前缀：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no='10001'
AND title IN ('Senior Engineer', 'Staff', 'Engineer', 'Senior Staff', 'Assistant Engineer', 'Technique Leader', 'Manager')
AND from_date='1986-06-26';

+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | NULL |    7 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

这次key_len为59，说明索引被用全了，但是从type和rows看出IN实际上执行了一个range查询，这里检查了7个key。

如果title的值很多，用填坑就不合适了，必须建立辅助索引。

查询条件没有指定索引第一列

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+

不是最左前缀不会触发

匹配某列的前缀字符串

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title LIKE 'Senior%';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 56      | NULL |    1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

此时可以用到索引，但是如果通配符不是只出现在末尾，则无法使用索引。（原文表述有误，如果通配符%不出现在开头，则可以用到索引，但根据具体情况不同可能只会用其中一个前缀）

范围查询

范围列可以用到索引（必须是最左前缀），但是范围列后面的列无法用到索引。同时，索引最多用于一个范围列，因此如果查询条件中有两个范围列则无法全用到索引。 
比如：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no < '10010' and title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |   16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

可以触发（emp_no ，title） 索引

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no < 10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL |   16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

也是只能触发（emp_no ，title） 索引

用了“between”并不意味着就是范围查询，例如下面的查询：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no BETWEEN '10001' AND '10010'
AND title='Senior Engineer'
AND from_date BETWEEN '1986-01-01' AND '1986-12-31';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 59      | NULL |   16 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+

看起来是用了两个范围查询，但作用于emp_no上的“BETWEEN”实际上相当于“IN”，也就是说emp_no实际是多值精确匹配。可以看到这个查询用到了索引全部三个列。因此在MySQL中要谨慎地区分多值匹配和范围匹配，否则会对MySQL的行为产生困惑。

查询条件中含有函数或表达式

MySQL不会为这列使用索引，比如：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND left(title, 6)='Senior';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ref  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

虽然这个查询和情况五中功能相同，但是由于使用了函数left，则无法为title列应用索引，而情况五中用LIKE则可以。

再如：

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no - 1='10000';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table  | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra       |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | titles | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 443308 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------------+

显然这个查询等价于查询emp_no为10001的函数，但是由于查询条件是一个表达式，MySQL无法为其使用索引。看来MySQL还没有智能到自动优化常量表达式的程度，因此在写查询语句时尽量避免表达式出现在查询中，而是先手工私下代数运算，转换为无表达式的查询语句。

最左前缀原理

假设联合索引是state/city/zipCode

那么state就是第一关，city是第二关，zipCode就是第三关

必须匹配了第一关，才能匹配第二关，匹配了第一关和第二关，才能匹配第三关

你不能直接到第二关的

索引的格式就是第一层是state，第二层才是city

多列索引是先按照第一列进行排序，然后在第一列排好序的基础上再对第二列排序，如果没有第一列的话，直接访问第二列，那第二列肯定是无序的，直接访问后面的列就用不到索引了

举例说明 
假设数据 表T (a,b,c) rowid 为物理位置

rowid a b c
(1) 1 1 1
(2) 2 1 13
(3) 2 2 14
(4) 1 3 3
(5) 2 3 12
(6) 1 2 5
(7) 2 3 9
(8) 1 2 2
(9) 1 3 6
(10) 2 2 11
(11) 2 2 8
(12) 1 1 7
(13) 2 3 15
(14) 1 1 4
(15) 2 1 10

当你创建一个索引 create index xxx on t(a,b), 则索引文件逻辑上等同于如下

a b rowid
1 1 1
1 1 12
1 1 14
1 2 6
1 2 8
1 3 4
1 3 9
2 1 2
2 1 15
2 2 3
2 2 10
2 2 11
2 3 5
2 3 7
2 3 13

当select * from T where a=1 and b=3 的时候， 数据库系统可以直接从索引文件中直接二分法找到A=1的记录，然后再B=3的记录。 
但如果你 where b=3 则需要遍历这个索引表的全部！