• 前缀,中缀和后缀


    它们都是对表达式的记法,因此也被称为前缀记法、中缀记法和后缀记法。它们之间的区别在于运算符相对与操作数的位置不同:前缀表达式的运算符位于与其相关的操作数之前;中缀和后缀同理。

    举例:
    (3 + 4) × 5 - 6 就是中缀表达式
    - × + 3 4 5 6 前缀表达式
    3 4 + 5 × 6 - 后缀表达式

    中缀表达式(中缀记法)
    中缀表达式是一种通用的算术或逻辑公式表示方法,操作符以中缀形式处于操作数的中间。中缀表达式是人们常用的算术表示方法。
    虽然人的大脑很容易理解与分析中缀表达式,但对计算机来说中缀表达式却是很复杂的,因此计算表达式的值时,通常需要先将中缀表达式转换为前缀或后缀表达式,然后再进行求值。对计算机来说,计算前缀或后缀表达式的值非常简单。

    前缀表达式(前缀记法、波兰式)
    前缀表达式的运算符位于操作数之前。

    前缀表达式的计算机求值:
    从右至左扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(栈顶元素 op 次顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最左端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
    例如前缀表达式“- × + 3 4 5 6”:
    (1) 从右至左扫描,将6、5、4、3压入堆栈;
    (2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出3和4(3为栈顶元素,4为次顶元素,注意与后缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
    (3) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出7和5,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
    (4) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。
    可以看出,用计算机计算前缀表达式的值是很容易的。

    将中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式:
    遵循以下步骤:
    (1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
    (2) 从右至左扫描中缀表达式;
    (3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
    (4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
    (4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为右括号“)”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
    (4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的较高或相等,也将运算符压入S1;
    (4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
    (5) 遇到括号时:
    (5-1) 如果是右括号“)”,则直接压入S1;
    (5-2) 如果是左括号“(”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到右括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
    (6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最左边;
    (7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
    (8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果即为中缀表达式对应的前缀表达式。
    例如,将中缀表达式“1+((2+3)×4)-5”转换为前缀表达式的过程如下:


    后缀表达式(后缀记法、逆波兰式)
    到达最左端 5 4 3 2 + × 1 + - 空 S1中剩余的运算符
    因此结果为“- + 1 × + 2 3 4 5”。

    后缀表达式与前缀表达式类似,只是运算符位于操作数之后。

    后缀表达式的计算机求值:
    与前缀表达式类似,只是顺序是从左至右:
    从左至右扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(次顶元素 op 栈顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最右端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
    例如后缀表达式“3 4 + 5 × 6 -”:
    (1) 从左至右扫描,将3和4压入堆栈;
    (2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出4和3(4为栈顶元素,3为次顶元素,注意与前缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
    (3) 将5入栈;
    (4) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出5和7,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
    (5) 将6入栈;
    (6) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。

    将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式:
    与转换为前缀表达式相似,遵循以下步骤:
    (1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
    (2) 从左至右扫描中缀表达式;
    (3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
    (4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
    (4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为左括号“(”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
    (4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的高,也将运算符压入S1(注意转换为前缀表达式时是优先级较高或相同,而这里则不包括相同的情况);
    (4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
    (5) 遇到括号时:
    (5-1) 如果是左括号“(”,则直接压入S1;
    (5-2) 如果是右括号“)”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到左括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
    (6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最右边;
    (7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
    (8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果的逆序即为中缀表达式对应的后缀表达式(转换为前缀表达式时不用逆序)。

    例如,将中缀表达式“1+((2+3)×4)-5”转换为后缀表达式的过程如下:

    因此结果为“1 2 3 + 4 × + 5 -”(注意需要逆序输出)。
    编写Java程序将一个中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式和后缀表达式,并计算表达式的值。其中的toPolishNotation()方法将中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式(波兰式)、toReversePolishNotation()方法则用于将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式(逆波兰式):

    注:
    (1) 程序很长且注释比较少,但如果将上面的理论内容弄懂之后再将程序编译并运行起来,还是比较容易理解的。有耐心的话可以研究一下。(2) 此程序是笔者为了说明上述概念而编写,仅做了简单的测试,不保证其中没有Bug,因此不要将其用于除研究之外的其他场合。

    package qmk.simple_test;
    import java.util.Scanner;
    import java.util.Stack;
    /**
    * Example of converting an infix-expression to
    * Polish Notation (PN) or Reverse Polish Notation (RPN).
    * Written in 2011-8-25
    * @author QiaoMingkui
    */
    public class Calculator {
    public static final String USAGE = "== usage ==
    "
    + "input the expressions, and then the program "
    + "will calculate them and show the result.
    "
    + "input 'bye' to exit.
    ";
    /**
    * @param args
    */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println(USAGE);
    Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
    String input = "";
    final String CLOSE_MARK = "bye";
    System.out.println("input an expression:");
    input = scanner.nextLine();
    while (input.length() != 0
    && !CLOSE_MARK.equals((input))) {
    System.out.print("Polish Notation (PN):");
    try {
    toPolishNotation(input);
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    System.out.println("
    input error, not a number.");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println("
    input error:" + e.getMessage());
    } catch (Exception e) {
    System.out.println("
    input error, invalid expression.");
    }
    System.out.print("Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):");
    try {
    toReversePolishNotation(input);
    } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
    System.out.println("
    input error, not a number.");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
    System.out.println("
    input error:" + e.getMessage());
    } catch (Exception e) {
    System.out.println("
    input error, invalid expression.");
    }
    System.out.println("input a new expression:");
    input = scanner.nextLine();
    }
    System.out.println("program exits");
    }
    /**
    * parse the expression , and calculate it.
    * @param input
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    * @throws NumberFormatException
    */
    private static void toPolishNotation(String input)
    throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {
    int len = input.length();
    char c, tempChar;
    Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();
    Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();
    Stack<Object> expression = new Stack<Object>();
    double number;
    int lastIndex = -1;
    for (int i=len-1; i>=0; --i) {
    c = input.charAt(i);
    if (Character.isDigit(c)) {
    lastIndex = readDoubleReverse(input, i);
    number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(lastIndex, i+1));
    s2.push(number);
    i = lastIndex;
    if ((int) number == number)
    expression.push((int) number);
    else
    expression.push(number);
    } else if (isOperator(c)) {
    while (!s1.isEmpty()
    && s1.peek() != ')'
    && priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) < 0) {
    expression.push(s1.peek());
    s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), s1.pop()));
    }
    s1.push(c);
    } else if (c == ')') {
    s1.push(c);
    } else if (c == '(') {
    while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != ')') {
    expression.push(tempChar);
    s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));
    if (s1.isEmpty()) {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "bracket dosen't match, missing right bracket ')'.");
    }
    }
    } else if (c == ' ') {
    // ignore
    } else {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "wrong character '" + c + "'");
    }
    }
    while (!s1.isEmpty()) {
    tempChar = s1.pop();
    expression.push(tempChar);
    s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));
    }
    while (!expression.isEmpty()) {
    System.out.print(expression.pop() + " ");
    }
    double result = s2.pop();
    if (!s2.isEmpty())
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");
    System.out.println();
    if ((int) result == result)
    System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);
    else
    System.out.println("the result is " + result);
    }
    /**
    * parse the expression, and calculate it.
    * @param input
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    * @throws NumberFormatException
    */
    private static void toReversePolishNotation(String input)
    throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {
    int len = input.length();
    char c, tempChar;
    Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();
    Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();
    double number;
    int lastIndex = -1;
    for (int i=0; i<len; ++i) {
    c = input.charAt(i);
    if (Character.isDigit(c) || c == '.') {
    lastIndex = readDouble(input, i);
    number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(i, lastIndex));
    s2.push(number);
    i = lastIndex - 1;
    if ((int) number == number)
    System.out.print((int) number + " ");
    else
    System.out.print(number + " ");
    } else if (isOperator(c)) {
    while (!s1.isEmpty()
    && s1.peek() != '('
    && priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) <= 0) {
    System.out.print(s1.peek() + " ");
    double num1 = s2.pop();
    double num2 = s2.pop();
    s2.push(calc(num2, num1, s1.pop()));
    }
    s1.push(c);
    } else if (c == '(') {
    s1.push(c);
    } else if (c == ')') {
    while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != '(') {
    System.out.print(tempChar + " ");
    double num1 = s2.pop();
    double num2 = s2.pop();
    s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));
    if (s1.isEmpty()) {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "bracket dosen't match, missing left bracket '('.");
    }
    }
    } else if (c == ' ') {
    // ignore
    } else {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "wrong character '" + c + "'");
    }
    }
    while (!s1.isEmpty()) {
    tempChar = s1.pop();
    System.out.print(tempChar + " ");
    double num1 = s2.pop();
    double num2 = s2.pop();
    s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));
    }
    double result = s2.pop();
    if (!s2.isEmpty())
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");
    System.out.println();
    if ((int) result == result)
    System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);
    else
    System.out.println("the result is " + result);
    }
    /**
    * calculate the two number with the operation.
    * @param num1
    * @param num2
    * @param op
    * @return
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    */
    private static double calc(double num1, double num2, char op)
    throws IllegalArgumentException {
    switch (op) {
    case '+':
    return num1 + num2;
    case '-':
    return num1 - num2;
    case '*':
    return num1 * num2;
    case '/':
    if (num2 == 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("divisor can't be 0.");
    return num1 / num2;
    default:
    return 0; // will never catch up here
    }
    }
    /**
    * compare the two operations' priority.
    * @param c
    * @param peek
    * @return
    */
    private static int priorityCompare(char op1, char op2) {
    switch (op1) {
    case '+': case '-':
    return (op2 == '*' || op2 == '/' ? -1 : 0);
    case '*': case '/':
    return (op2 == '+' || op2 == '-' ? 1 : 0);
    }
    return 1;
    }
    /**
    * read the next number (reverse)
    * @param input
    * @param start
    * @return
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    */
    private static int readDoubleReverse(String input, int start)
    throws IllegalArgumentException {
    int dotIndex = -1;
    char c;
    for (int i=start; i>=0; --i) {
    c = input.charAt(i);
    if (c == '.') {
    if (dotIndex != -1)
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "there have more than 1 dots in the number.");
    else
    dotIndex = i;
    } else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {
    return i + 1;
    } else if (i == 0) {
    return 0;
    }
    }
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");
    }
    
    /**
    * read the next number
    * @param input
    * @param start
    * @return
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException
    */
    private static int readDouble(String input, int start)
    throws IllegalArgumentException {
    int len = input.length();
    int dotIndex = -1;
    char c;
    for (int i=start; i<len; ++i) {
    c = input.charAt(i);
    if (c == '.') {
    if (dotIndex != -1)
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "there have more than 1 dots in the number.");
    else if (i == len - 1)
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");
    else
    dotIndex = i;
    } else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {
    if (dotIndex == -1 || i - dotIndex > 1)
    return i;
    else
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
    "not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");
    } else if (i == len - 1) {
    return len;
    }
    }
    
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");
    }
    /**
    * return true if the character is an operator.
    * @param c
    * @return
    */
    private static boolean isOperator(char c) {
    return (c=='+' || c=='-' || c=='*' || c=='/');
    }
    }
    
    
    下面是程序运行结果(绿色为用户输入):
    
    == usage ==
    input the expressions, and then the program will calculate them and show the result.
    input 'bye' to exit.
    
    input an expression:
    3.8+5.3
    Polish Notation (PN):+ 3.8 5.3
    the result is 9.1
    Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):3.8 5.3 +
    the result is 9.1
    input a new expression:
    5*(9.1+3.2)/(1-5+4.88)
    Polish Notation (PN):/ * 5 + 9.1 3.2 + - 1 5 4.88
    the result is 69.88636363636364
    Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):5 9.1 3.2 + * 1 5 - 4.88 + /
    the result is 69.88636363636364
    input a new expression:
    1+((2+3)*4)-5
    Polish Notation (PN):- + 1 * + 2 3 4 5
    the result is 16
    Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):1 2 3 + 4 * + 5 -
    the result is 16
    input a new expression:
    bye
    program exits

    本文转自CSDN博主「Antineutrino」

    杂念太多,必然根基浅薄
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/starshine-zhp/p/13286941.html
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