Hibernate —— 检索策略

一、Hibernate 的检索策略本质上是为了优化 Hibernate 性能。

二、Hibernate 检索策略包括类级别的检索策略、和关联级别的检索策略（<set> 元素）

三、类级别的检索策略

1. 立即检索、延迟检索

2. 通过 <class> 节点的 lazy 属性来控制。默认为 true，即为延迟检索。

3. 只针对 session 的 load() 方法生效。

默认情况下，通过 load() 方法获取到的对象是一个代理对象，Hibernate 创建代理对象时，仅会初始化 OID。

在第一次访问非 OID 属性时，Hibernate 会初始化代理类实例。

4.测试

（1）<class> 的 lazy 属性为 true

@Test
public void testStrategyClassLevel() {
    Customer customer = (Customer) session.load(Customer.class, 5);
    System.out.println(customer.getClass());
    System.out.println(customer.getCustomerId());
    System.out.println("--------------");
    System.out.println(customer.getCustomerName());
}

class com.nucsoft.strategy.many2one.Customer_$$_javassist_0
5
--------------
Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.customer_id as customer1_2_0_,
        customer0_.customer_name as customer2_2_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.customer customer0_ 
    where
        customer0_.customer_id=?
bb

（2）<class> 的 lazy 属性为 false

@Test
public void testStrategyClassLevel() {
    session.load(Customer.class, 5);
}

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.customer_id as customer1_2_0_,
        customer0_.customer_name as customer2_2_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.customer customer0_ 
    where
        customer0_.customer_id=?

四、关联级别的检索策略

1. 指的是用 <set> 元素来配置的多对一和多对多的关联关系。

2. 主要指的是 <set> 元素的三个属性：lazy 、fetch、batch-size。

3. lazy 属性（默认为 true，即采用延迟检索策略）

（1）决定集合被初始化的时机。

（2）取值为 true 时

• Hibernate 会在以下情况下初始化集合代理类实例
  • 访问集合属性、iterator()、size()、isEmpty()、contains() 等方法时
  • 通过 Hibernate.initialize() 静态方法显示的初始化　　

（3）取值为 false 时

（4）取值为 extra 时（增强的延迟检索策略），会尽可能的延迟初始化集合的时机。如：

@Test
public void testSetLazy() {
    Category category = (Category) session.get(Category.class, 5);
    System.out.println(category.getItems().size());
}

Hibernate: 
    select
        category0_.category_id as category1_1_0_,
        category0_.category_name as category2_1_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.category category0_ 
    where
        category0_.category_id=?
Hibernate: 
    select
        count(item_id) 
    from
        hibernate.categories_items 
    where
        category_id =?
2

调用集合的 size() 方法时，是通过 count() 来查询的。

当调用集合的 iterator() 方法时，会初始化集合。

4. fetch 属性（默认为 "select"）

（1）取值为 "select" 或 "subselect" 时，决定初始化集合查询语句的形式。

（2）取值为 "join"，则决定初始化集合的时机。会忽略 "lazy" 属性。

（3）测试

<1>取值为 "select" 

@Test
public void testSetLazy() {
    List<Category> categories = session.createQuery("from Category").list();

    for(Category category : categories) {
        System.out.println(category.getItems().size());
    }

}

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.customer_id as customer1_2_,
        customer0_.customer_name as customer2_2_ 
    from
        hibernate.customer customer0_
Hibernate: 
    select
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_2_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_0_,
        orders0_.order_name as order2_4_0_,
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_4_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.order orders0_ 
    where
        orders0_.customer_id=?
2
Hibernate: 
    select
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_2_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_0_,
        orders0_.order_name as order2_4_0_,
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_4_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.order orders0_ 
    where
        orders0_.customer_id=?
2
Hibernate: 
    select
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_2_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_0_,
        orders0_.order_name as order2_4_0_,
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_4_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.order orders0_ 
    where
        orders0_.customer_id=?
2
Hibernate: 
    select
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_2_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_0_,
        orders0_.order_name as order2_4_0_,
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_4_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.order orders0_ 
    where
        orders0_.customer_id=?
2

<2>取值为 "subselect"，会忽略 batch-size 属性。

Hibernate: 
    select
        category0_.category_id as category1_1_,
        category0_.category_name as category2_1_ 
    from
        hibernate.category category0_
Hibernate: 
    select
        items0_.category_id as category1_1_1_,
        items0_.item_id as item2_0_1_,
        item1_.item_id as item1_3_0_,
        item1_.item_name as item2_3_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.categories_items items0_ 
    inner join
        hibernate.item item1_ 
            on items0_.item_id=item1_.item_id 
    where
        items0_.category_id in (
            ?, ?
        )
2
2

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.customer_id as customer1_2_,
        customer0_.customer_name as customer2_2_ 
    from
        hibernate.customer customer0_
Hibernate: 
    select
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_2_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_1_,
        orders0_.order_id as order1_4_0_,
        orders0_.order_name as order2_4_0_,
        orders0_.customer_id as customer3_4_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.order orders0_ 
    where
        orders0_.customer_id in (
            select
                customer0_.customer_id 
            from
                hibernate.customer customer0_
        )
2
2
2
2

通过子查询的方式，通过 in 的方式。

<3>取值为 "join"

• 会采用迫切左外链接（使用左外链接进行查询，同时初始化集合属性）策略来初始化所有关联的对象
• lazy 属性将会被忽略
• Query 的 list() 方法会忽略这个取值，不会忽略 lazy 属性。
• HQL 会忽略取值为 "join" 的取值

@Test
public void testFetch() {
    session.get(Customer.class, 5);
}

Hibernate: 
    select
        customer0_.customer_id as customer1_2_1_,
        customer0_.customer_name as customer2_2_1_,
        orders1_.customer_id as customer3_2_3_,
        orders1_.order_id as order1_4_3_,
        orders1_.order_id as order1_4_0_,
        orders1_.order_name as order2_4_0_,
        orders1_.customer_id as customer3_4_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.customer customer0_ 
    left outer join
        hibernate.order orders1_ 
            on customer0_.customer_id=orders1_.customer_id 
    where
        customer0_.customer_id=?

5.batch-size 属性，设定批量检索集合的数量。

（1）默认情况下

@Test
public void testSetLazy() {
    List<Category> categories = session.createQuery("from Category").list();

    for(Category category : categories) {
        System.out.println(category.getItems().size());
    }

}

Hibernate: 
    select
        category0_.category_id as category1_1_,
        category0_.category_name as category2_1_ 
    from
        hibernate.category category0_
Hibernate: 
    select
        items0_.category_id as category1_1_1_,
        items0_.item_id as item2_0_1_,
        item1_.item_id as item1_3_0_,
        item1_.item_name as item2_3_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.categories_items items0_ 
    inner join
        hibernate.item item1_ 
            on items0_.item_id=item1_.item_id 
    where
        items0_.category_id=?
2
Hibernate: 
    select
        items0_.category_id as category1_1_1_,
        items0_.item_id as item2_0_1_,
        item1_.item_id as item1_3_0_,
        item1_.item_name as item2_3_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.categories_items items0_ 
    inner join
        hibernate.item item1_ 
            on items0_.item_id=item1_.item_id 
    where
        items0_.category_id=?
2

（2）设置 batch-size="2"

@Test
public void testSetLazy() {
    List<Category> categories = session.createQuery("from Category").list();

    for(Category category : categories) {
        System.out.println(category.getItems().size());
    }

}

Hibernate: 
    select
        category0_.category_id as category1_1_,
        category0_.category_name as category2_1_ 
    from
        hibernate.category category0_
Hibernate: 
    select
        items0_.category_id as category1_1_1_,
        items0_.item_id as item2_0_1_,
        item1_.item_id as item1_3_0_,
        item1_.item_name as item2_3_0_ 
    from
        hibernate.categories_items items0_ 
    inner join
        hibernate.item item1_ 
            on items0_.item_id=item1_.item_id 
    where
        items0_.category_id in (
            ?, ?
        )
2
2

五、<many-to-one> 元素的 lazy 和 fetch 属性

1.lazy 属性

（1）proxy

采用延迟检索策略。

（2）false

采用立即检索策略。

2.fetch 属性

（1）select（默认）

（2）join

表示使用迫切左外链接的方式，初始化 n 的一端关联的 1 的一端的对象。

同样，HQL 查询会忽略 fetch 的取值为 join 的情况，此种情况下，若想批量初始化 1 的一端的代理对象，可以在 1 的一端的 class 节点添加 batch-size 属性。

六、总结

介绍了 Hibernate 的检索策略，包括累级别的检索策略，和关联级别的检索策略。以及简单介绍了 <many-to-one> 元素的 lazy 和 fetch 属性。