问题背景:
后端服务对手机APP端开放API,没有基本的校验就是裸奔,别人抓取接口后容易恶意请求,不要求严格的做的安全,但是简单的基础安全屏障是要建立的,再配合HTTPS使用,这样使后端服务尽可能的安全。
对接口安全问题,采用JWT对接口进行token验证,判断请求的有效性,目前对JWT解释的博客文章很多,对JWT不了解的可以查找相关资料,JWT官网。
JWT是JSON Web Token的简写,一些是JWT官网的解释:
什么是JWT?
JSON Web Token (JWT) is an open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. This information can be verified and trusted because it is digitally signed. JWTs can be signed using a secret (with the HMAC algorithm) or a public/private key pair using RSA or ECDSA.
看不懂的可以用Google翻译:
JSON Web Token(JWT)是一个开放标准(RFC 7519),它定义了一种紧凑且独立的方式,可以在各方之间作为JSON对象安全地传输信息。 此信息可以通过数字签名进行验证和信任。 JWT可以使用密钥(使用HMAC算法)或使用RSA或ECDSA的公钥/私钥进行签名。
JWT的结构是怎样的?
JWT主要由三部分构成,
- Header 头部,说明使用JWT的类型,和使用的算法
- Payload 中间体,定义的一些有效数据,比如签发者,签发时间,过期时间等等,具体可查看RFC7519,除了一些公共的属性外,可以定义一些私有属性,用于自己的业务逻辑。
- Signature 签名,创建签名,base64UrlEncode对header和Payload进行处理后,再根据密钥和头部中定义的算法进行签名。如下格式:
HMACSHA256( base64UrlEncode(header) + "." + base64UrlEncode(payload), secret)
//生成的Token如下样式
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJFU0JQIiwibmFtZSI6IuWImOWFhuS8nyIsImV4cCI6MTUzMTQ0OTExNSwiaWF0IjoxNTMxNDQ5MDg1LCJqdGkiOjEsImFjY291bnQiOiIxNTAwMTEwMTUzNiJ9.4IEi95xcOQ4SfXvjz34bBC8ECej56jiMuq7Df4Vd9YQ
具体实现:
1. maven构建,可以查看Github
<dependency> <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId> <artifactId>jjwt</artifactId> <version>0.9.1</version> </dependency>
2. 创建Token
1 import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject; 2 import com.woasis.wos.api.UserClaim; 3 import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims; 4 import io.jsonwebtoken.JwtBuilder; 5 import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts; 6 import io.jsonwebtoken.SignatureAlgorithm; 7 8 import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec; 9 import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter; 10 import java.security.Key; 11 12 public class JwtHandler { 13 14 //签发者 15 private static final String ISSUER = "iss"; 16 //签发时间 17 private static final String ISSUED_AT = "iat"; 18 //过期时间 19 private static final String EXPIRATION_TIME = "exp"; 20 private static final Long EXPIRATION_TIME_VALUE = 1000*30L; 21 //JWT ID 22 private static final String JWT_ID = "jti"; 23 //密钥 24 private static final String SECRET = "AAAABBBCCC"; 25 26 /** 27 * 构造Token 28 * @param userId 用户ID 29 * @param userName 用户名称 30 * @param phone 手机号 31 * @return 32 */ 33 public static String createToken(Integer userId, String userName, String phone) { 34 35 //采用HS256签名算法对token进行签名 36 SignatureAlgorithm signatureAlgorithm = SignatureAlgorithm.HS256; 37 38 //当前系统时间 39 long nowMillis = System.currentTimeMillis(); 40 41 //采用密钥对JWT加密签名 42 byte[] apiKeySecretBytes = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(SECRET); 43 Key signingKey = new SecretKeySpec(apiKeySecretBytes, signatureAlgorithm.getJcaName()); 44 45 //构造payload 46 JSONObject payload = new JSONObject(); 47 payload.put(ISSUER, "ESBP"); 48 payload.put(ISSUED_AT, nowMillis/1000); 49 payload.put(JWT_ID, userId); 50 payload.put("account", phone); 51 payload.put("name",userName); 52 //设置过期时间 53 long expMillis = nowMillis + EXPIRATION_TIME_VALUE; 54 payload.put(EXPIRATION_TIME, expMillis/1000); 55 56 //设置JWT参数 57 JwtBuilder builder = Jwts.builder() 58 .setPayload(payload.toJSONString()) 59 .signWith(signatureAlgorithm, signingKey); 60 //构造token字符串 61 return builder.compact(); 62 } 63 }
3. 解析JWT
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JwtHandler.class); /** * JWT解析 * @param jwt * @return */ public static UserClaim parseJWT(String jwt) { Claims claims = Jwts.parser() .setSigningKey(DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(SECRET)) .setAllowedClockSkewSeconds(100) //设置允许过期时间,在构造token的时候有设置过期时间,此处是指到了过期时间之后还允许多少秒有效,且此token可以解析 .parseClaimsJws(jwt).getBody(); UserClaim userClaim = new UserClaim(); userClaim.setAccount((String) claims.get("account")); userClaim.setName((String) claims.get("name")); userClaim.setJti(claims.getId()); userClaim.setIss(claims.getIssuer()); userClaim.setIat(claims.getIssuedAt()); userClaim.setExp(claims.getExpiration()); logger.debug("parseJWT UserClaim:"+JSONObject.toJSONString(userClaim)); return userClaim; }
特别说明:
在jjwt源码文件JwtMap.java中有这么个方法toDate(),在解析数据的时候这个地方按秒对时间处理的,所以在设置签发时间或过期时间的时候要设置秒。
protected static Date toDate(Object v, String name) { if (v == null) { return null; } else if (v instanceof Date) { return (Date) v; } else if (v instanceof Number) { // https://github.com/jwtk/jjwt/issues/122: // The JWT RFC *mandates* NumericDate values are represented as seconds. // Because Because java.util.Date requires milliseconds, we need to multiply by 1000: long seconds = ((Number) v).longValue(); long millis = seconds * 1000; return new Date(millis); } else if (v instanceof String) { // https://github.com/jwtk/jjwt/issues/122 // The JWT RFC *mandates* NumericDate values are represented as seconds. // Because Because java.util.Date requires milliseconds, we need to multiply by 1000: long seconds = Long.parseLong((String) v); long millis = seconds * 1000; return new Date(millis); } else { throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot convert '" + name + "' value [" + v + "] to Date instance."); } }
4. 拦截器使用
要想对api进行控制,就要使用拦截器,或是过滤器,提问:拦截器和过滤器的区别是什么?此处采用拦截器进行控制。
拦截器具体实现代码:
import com.woasis.wos.api.UserClaim; import com.woasis.wos.common.exception.ExceptionEnum; import com.woasis.wos.common.exception.WosException; import io.jsonwebtoken.ExpiredJwtException; import io.jsonwebtoken.SignatureException; import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor; import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; /** * Token验证拦截器 */ public class TokenInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor { private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TokenInterceptor.class); @Override public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse, Object o) throws Exception { logger.debug("path:"+httpServletRequest.getRequestURI()); String token = httpServletRequest.getParameter("token"); String userId = httpServletRequest.getParameter("id"); if (!StringUtils.isBlank(token)){ UserClaim claim = null; try { claim = JwtHandler.parseJWT(token); }catch (ExpiredJwtException e){//token过期 throw new WosException(ExceptionEnum.EXPIRATION_TIME); }catch (SignatureException e){//签名被篡改 throw new WosException(ExceptionEnum.SIGNATUREEXCEPTION); } if (claim != null && userId != null){ if (userId.equals(claim.getJti())){ return true; }else {//token用户非请求用户,非法请求 throw new WosException(ExceptionEnum.ILLEGAL_REQUEST); } }else { throw new WosException(ExceptionEnum.ILLEGAL_REQUEST); } }else {//token为空,非法请求 throw new WosException(ExceptionEnum.ILLEGAL_REQUEST); } } @Override public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse, Object o, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception { } @Override public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse, Object o, Exception e) throws Exception { } }
在Spring Boot中拦截器的使用:
import com.woasis.wos.api.util.TokenInterceptor; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.InterceptorRegistry; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurerAdapter; @Configuration public class WosAppConfigurer extends WebMvcConfigurerAdapter { //排除拦截的请求路径 private static String[] excludePatterns = new String[]{"/oauth/login"}; @Override public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) { registry.addInterceptor(new TokenInterceptor()).addPathPatterns("/**").excludePathPatterns(excludePatterns); super.addInterceptors(registry); } }
5. 效果测试
模拟获取token
模拟token过期
模拟token中签名被篡改
参数签名://TODO