python模块介绍- xlwt 创建xls文件（excel）
2013-06-24磁针石
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#参考资料：《The Python Standard Library by Example2011》
#https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlwt/0.7.5
Xlrd是跨平台的excel生成模块。
31.1 xlwt– 实例
31.1.1 创建简单的excel文件
下面例子，创建一个名为mini.xls的文件，它有一个空sheet：'xlwt was here'。
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('xlwt was here')
w.save('mini.xls')
Workbook类初始化时有encoding和style_compression参数。
encoding，设置字符编码，一般要这样设置：w = Workbook(encoding='utf-8')，就可以在excel中输出中文了。默认是ascii。当然要记得在文件头部添加：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
style_compression表示是否压缩，不常用。
Owner设置文档所有者。
country_code：国家码
wnd_protect：窗口保护
obj_protect：对象保护
Protect：保护
backup_on_save：保存时备份
Hpos：横坐标
Vpos：纵坐标
Width：宽度
Height：高度
active_sheet：活动sheet
tab_width：tab宽度
wnd_visible：窗口是否可见
wnd_mini：窗口最小化
hscroll_visible：横向滚动条是否可见。
vscroll_visible：纵向滚动条是否可见。
tabs_visible：tab是否可见。
dates_1904：是否使用1904日期系统
use_cell_values：单元格的值
default_style：默认样式
colour_RGB：颜色
比如设置国家码：
fromxlwt import *
w= Workbook()
w.country_code= 61
ws= w.add_sheet('AU')
w.save('country.xls')
方法有：add_style，add_font，add_str，del_str，str_index，add_rt，rt_index，add_sheet，get_sheet，raise_bad_sheetname，convert_sheetindex，setup_xcall，add_sheet_reference。
31.1.2 插入图片
add_sheet 会返回一个Worksheet 类。创建的时候有可选参数cell_overwrite_ok，表示是否可以覆盖单元格，其实是Worksheet实例化的一个参数，默认值是False。
Worksheet初始化的参数有sheetname，parent_book，cell_overwrite_ok。
Worksheet的属性有：Row，Column，explicit_magn_setting（默认False），visibility（默认0），split_position_units_are_twips（默认False），row_default_height_mismatch，row_default_hidden，row_default_space_above，row_default_space_below，last_used_row，first_used_row，last_used_col，row_tempfile。以上属性类定义中。
函数构成的属性有：name，parent（只读），rows（只读），cols（只读），merged_ranges（只读），bmp_rec（只读），show_formulas，show_grid，show_headers，panes_frozen，auto_colour_grid，cols_right_to_left，show_outline，remove_splits，selected，sheet_visible，page_preview，first_visible_row，first_visible_col，grid_colour，preview_magn，normal_magn，scl_magn，vert_split_pos，horz_split_pos，vert_split_first_visible，horz_split_first_visible，show_auto_page_breaks，dialogue_sheet，auto_style_outline，outline_below，outline_right，fit_num_pages，show_row_outline，show_col_outline，alt_expr_eval，alt_formula_entries，row_default_height，col_default_width，calc_mode，calc_count，RC_ref_mode，iterations_on，delta，save_recalc，print_headers，print_grid，vert_page_breaks，horz_page_breaks，header_str，footer_str，print_centered_vert，print_centered_horz，left_margin，right_margin，top_margin，bottom_margin，paper_size_code，print_scaling，start_page_number，fit_width_to_pages，fit_height_to_pages，print_in_rows，portrait，print_colour，print_draft，print_notes，print_notes_at_end，print_omit_errors，print_hres，print_vres，header_margin，footer_margin，copies_num，wnd_protect，obj_protect，protect，scen_protect，password。
方法有：get_parent，write，write_rich_text，merge，write_merge，insert_bitmap，col，row，row_height，col_width。
from xlwt import *，
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('Image')
ws.insert_bitmap('python.bmp', 2, 2)
ws.insert_bitmap('python.bmp', 10, 2)
w.save('image.xls')
31.1.3 设置样式
下面例子改变字体的高度。
#!/usr/bin/envpython
#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#Copyright (C) 2005 Kiseliov Roman
fromxlwt import *
w= Workbook(encoding='utf-8')
ws= w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude')
fori in range(6, 80):
fnt = Font()
fnt.height = i*20
style = XFStyle()
style.font = fnt
ws.write(i, 1, '武冈')
ws.row(i).set_style(style)
w.save('row_styles.xls')
XFStyle用于设置字体样式，有描述字符串num_format_str，字体font，居中alignment，边界borders，模式pattern，保护protection等属性。另外还可以不写单元格，直接设置格式，比如：
frompyExcelerator import *
w= Workbook()
ws= w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude')
fori in range(6, 80):
fnt = Font()
fnt.height = i*20
style = XFStyle()
style.font = fnt
ws.row(i).set_style(style)
w.save('row_styles_empty.xls')
设置列宽：ws.col(i).width = 0x0d00 + i
31.1.4 更多实例
下面例子输出了红色的”Test”，并在第3行包含了公式。
importxlwt
fromdatetime import datetime
font0= xlwt.Font()
font0.name= 'Times New Roman'
font0.colour_index= 2
font0.bold= True
style0= xlwt.XFStyle()
style0.font= font0
style1= xlwt.XFStyle()
style1.num_format_str= 'D-MMM-YY'
wb= xlwt.Workbook()
ws= wb.add_sheet('A Test Sheet')
ws.write(0,0, 'Test', style0)
ws.write(1,0, datetime.now(), style1)
ws.write(2,0, 1)
ws.write(2,1, 1)
ws.write(2,2, xlwt.Formula("A3+B3"))
wb.save('example.xls')
fromxlwt import ExcelFormulaParser, ExcelFormula
importsys
f= ExcelFormula.Formula(
"""-((1.80 + 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898))*
AVERAGE((1.80+ 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898);
(1.80 + 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898);
(1.80 + 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898)) +
SIN(PI()/4)""")
合并单元格的实例，注意write_merge,1,2个参数表示行数，3,4的参数表示列数。
fromxlwt import *
wb= Workbook()
ws0= wb.add_sheet('sheet0')
fnt= Font()
fnt.name= 'Arial'
fnt.colour_index= 4
fnt.bold= True
borders= Borders()
borders.left= 6
borders.right= 6
borders.top= 6
borders.bottom= 6
style= XFStyle()
style.font= fnt
style.borders = borders
ws0.write_merge(3,3, 1, 5, 'test1', style)
ws0.write_merge(4,10, 1, 5, 'test2', style)
ws0.col(1).width= 0x0d00
wb.save('merged0.xls')
日期格式的实例
fromxlwt import *
fromdatetime import datetime
w= Workbook()
ws= w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude')
fmts= [
'M/D/YY',
'D-MMM-YY',
'D-MMM',
'MMM-YY',
'h:mm AM/PM',
'h:mm:ss AM/PM',
'h:mm',
'h:mm:ss',
'M/D/YY h:mm',
'mm:ss',
'[h]:mm:ss',
'mm:ss.0',
]
i= 0
forfmt in fmts:
ws.write(i, 0, fmt)
style = XFStyle()
style.num_format_str = fmt
ws.write(i, 4, datetime.now(), style)
i += 1
w.save('dates.xls')
下面展示了不同边框和删除样式的字体：
fromxlwt import *
font0= Font()
font0.name= 'Times New Roman'
font0.struck_out= True
font0.bold= True
style0= XFStyle()
style0.font= font0
wb= Workbook()
ws0= wb.add_sheet('0')
ws0.write(1,1, 'Test', style0)
fori in range(0, 0x53):
borders = Borders()
borders.left = i
borders.right = i
borders.top = i
borders.bottom = i
style = XFStyle()
style.borders = borders
ws0.write(i, 2, '', style)
ws0.write(i, 3, hex(i), style0)
ws0.write_merge(5,8, 6, 10, "")
wb.save('blanks.xls')
下面展示了不同颜色的字体，可以作为颜色参考：
from xlwt import *
font0 = Font()
font0.name = 'Times New Roman'
font0.struck_out = True
font0.bold = True
style0 = XFStyle()
style0.font = font0
wb = Workbook()
ws0 = wb.add_sheet('0')
ws0.write(1, 1, 'Test', style0)
for i in range(0, 0x53):
fnt = Font()
fnt.name = 'Arial'
fnt.colour_index = i
fnt.outline = True
borders = Borders()
borders.left = i
style = XFStyle()
style.font = fnt
style.borders =borders
ws0.write(i, 2,'colour', style)
ws0.write(i, 3,hex(i), style0)
wb.save('format.xls')
超级链接的插入方法：
fromxlwt import *
f= Font()
f.height= 20*72
f.name= 'Verdana'
f.bold= True
f.underline= Font.UNDERLINE_DOUBLE
f.colour_index= 4
h_style= XFStyle()
h_style.font= f
w= Workbook()
ws= w.add_sheet('F')
##############
##NOTE: parameters are separated by semicolon!!!
##############
n= "HYPERLINK"
ws.write_merge(1,1, 1, 10, Formula(n +'("http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1000.pdf";"f1000.pdf")'),h_style)
ws.write_merge(2,2, 2, 25, Formula(n +'("mailto:roman.kiseliov@gmail.com?subject=pyExcelerator-feedback&Body=Hello,%20Roman!";"pyExcelerator-feedback")'),h_style)
w.save("hyperlinks.xls")
在没有指定编码的情况下，也可以通过unicode输出字符，不过这样比较费劲，建议还是使用utf-8编码：
fromxlwt import *
w= Workbook()
ws1= w.add_sheet(u'N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}N{GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA}N{GREEKSMALL LETTER GAMMA}')
ws1.write(0,0, u'N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}N{GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA}N{GREEK SMALLLETTER GAMMA}')
ws1.write(1,1, u'N{GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA}x = 1 + N{GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA}')
ws1.write(2,0,u'Au2262u0391.') # RFC2152 example
ws1.write(3,0,u'Hi Mom -u263a-!') # RFC2152 example
ws1.write(4,0,u'u65E5u672Cu8A9E') # RFC2152 example
ws1.write(5,0,u'Item 3 is u00a31.') # RFC2152 example
ws1.write(8,0,u'N{INTEGRAL}') # RFC2152 example
w.add_sheet(u'Au2262u0391.') # RFC2152 example
w.add_sheet(u'HiMom -u263a-!') # RFC2152 example
one_more_ws= w.add_sheet(u'u65E5u672Cu8A9E') # RFC2152 example
w.add_sheet(u'Item3 is u00a31.') # RFC2152 example
one_more_ws.write(0,0, u'u2665u2665')
w.add_sheet(u'N{GREEKSMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS}')
w.save('unicode1.xls')
冻结：
fromxlwt import *
w= Workbook()
ws1= w.add_sheet('sheet 1')
ws2= w.add_sheet('sheet 2')
ws3= w.add_sheet('sheet 3')
ws4= w.add_sheet('sheet 4')
ws5= w.add_sheet('sheet 5')
ws6= w.add_sheet('sheet 6')
fori in range(0x100):
ws1.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
fori in range(0x100):
ws2.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
fori in range(0x100):
ws3.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
fori in range(0x100):
ws4.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
fori in range(0x100):
ws5.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
fori in range(0x100):
ws6.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
ws1.panes_frozen= True
ws1.horz_split_pos= 2
ws2.panes_frozen= True
ws2.vert_split_pos= 2
ws3.panes_frozen= True
ws3.horz_split_pos= 1
ws3.vert_split_pos= 1
ws4.panes_frozen= False
ws4.horz_split_pos= 12
ws4.horz_split_first_visible= 2
ws5.panes_frozen= False
ws5.vert_split_pos= 40
ws4.vert_split_first_visible= 2
ws6.panes_frozen= False
ws6.horz_split_pos= 12
ws4.horz_split_first_visible= 2
ws6.vert_split_pos= 40
ws4.vert_split_first_visible= 2
w.save('panes.xls')
各种数值格式：
fromxlwt import *
w= Workbook()
ws= w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude')
fmts= [
'general',
'0',
'0.00',
'#,##0',
'#,##0.00',
'"$"#,##0_);("$"#,##',
'"$"#,##0_);[Red]("$"#,##',
'"$"#,##0.00_);("$"#,##',
'"$"#,##0.00_);[Red]("$"#,##',
'0%',
'0.00%',
'0.00E+00',
'# ?/?',
'# ??/??',
'M/D/YY',
'D-MMM-YY',
'D-MMM',
'MMM-YY',
'h:mm AM/PM',
'h:mm:ss AM/PM',
'h:mm',
'h:mm:ss',
'M/D/YY h:mm',
'_(#,##0_);(#,##0)',
'_(#,##0_);[Red](#,##0)',
'_(#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00)',
'_(#,##0.00_);[Red](#,##0.00)',
'_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"*(#,##0);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_)',
'_(* #,##0_);_(* (#,##0);_(*"-"_);_(@_)',
'_("$"*#,##0.00_);_("$"* (#,##0.00);_("$"*"-"??_);_(@_)',
'_(* #,##0.00_);_(* (#,##0.00);_(*"-"??_);_(@_)',
'mm:ss',
'[h]:mm:ss',
'mm:ss.0',
'##0.0E+0',
'@'
]
i= 0
forfmt in fmts:
ws.write(i, 0, fmt)
style = XFStyle()
style.num_format_str = fmt
ws.write(i, 4, -1278.9078, style)
i += 1
w.save('num_formats.xls')
更多的公式：
fromxlwt import *
w= Workbook()
ws= w.add_sheet('F')
ws.write(0,0, Formula("-(1+1)"))
ws.write(1,0, Formula("-(1+1)/(-2-2)"))
ws.write(2,0, Formula("-(134.8780789+1)"))
ws.write(3,0, Formula("-(134.8780789e-10+1)"))
ws.write(4,0, Formula("-1/(1+1)+9344"))
ws.write(0,1, Formula("-(1+1)"))
ws.write(1,1, Formula("-(1+1)/(-2-2)"))
ws.write(2,1, Formula("-(134.8780789+1)"))
ws.write(3,1, Formula("-(134.8780789e-10+1)"))
ws.write(4,1, Formula("-1/(1+1)+9344"))
ws.write(0,2, Formula("A1*B1"))
ws.write(1,2, Formula("A2*B2"))
ws.write(2,2, Formula("A3*B3"))
ws.write(3,2, Formula("A4*B4*sin(pi()/4)"))
ws.write(4,2, Formula("A5%*B5*pi()/1000"))
##############
##NOTE: parameters are separated by semicolon!!!
##############
ws.write(5,2,Formula("C1+C2+C3+C4+C5/(C1+C2+C3+C4/(C1+C2+C3+C4/(C1+C2+C3+C4)+C5)+C5)-20.3e-2"))
ws.write(5,3, Formula("C1^2"))
ws.write(6,2, Formula("SUM(C1;C2;;;;;C3;;;C4)"))
ws.write(6,3, Formula("SUM($A$1:$C$5)"))
ws.write(7,0, Formula('"lkjljllkllkl"'))
ws.write(7,1, Formula('"yuyiyiyiyi"'))
ws.write(7,2, Formula('A8 & B8 & A8'))
ws.write(8,2, Formula('now()'))
ws.write(10,2, Formula('TRUE'))
ws.write(11,2, Formula('FALSE'))
ws.write(12,3, Formula('IF(A1>A2;3;"hkjhjkhk")'))
w.save('formulas.xls')
保护实例：
fromxlwt import *
fnt= Font()
fnt.name= 'Arial'
fnt.colour_index= 4
fnt.bold= True
borders= Borders()
borders.left= 6
borders.right= 6
borders.top= 6
borders.bottom= 6
style= XFStyle()
style.font= fnt
style.borders= borders
wb= Workbook()
ws0= wb.add_sheet('Rows Outline')
ws0.write_merge(1,1, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(2,2, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(3,3, 1, 3, 'test 2', style)
ws0.write_merge(4,4, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(5,5, 1, 4, 'test 3', style)
ws0.write_merge(6,6, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(7,7, 1, 5, 'test 4', style)
ws0.write_merge(8,8, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(9,9, 1, 3, 'test 5', style)
ws0.row(1).level= 1
ws0.row(2).level= 1
ws0.row(3).level= 2
ws0.row(4).level= 2
ws0.row(5).level= 2
ws0.row(6).level= 2
ws0.row(7).level= 2
ws0.row(8).level= 1
ws0.row(9).level= 1
ws1= wb.add_sheet('Columns Outline')
ws1.write_merge(1,1, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(2,2, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(3,3, 1, 3, 'test 2', style)
ws1.write_merge(4,4, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(5,5, 1, 4, 'test 3', style)
ws1.write_merge(6,6, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(7,7, 1, 5, 'test 4', style)
ws1.write_merge(8,8, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(9,9, 1, 3, 'test 5', style)
ws1.col(1).level= 1
ws1.col(2).level= 1
ws1.col(3).level= 2
ws1.col(4).level= 2
ws1.col(5).level= 2
ws1.col(6).level= 2
ws1.col(7).level= 2
ws1.col(8).level= 1
ws1.col(9).level= 1
ws2= wb.add_sheet('Rows and Columns Outline')
ws2.write_merge(1,1, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(2,2, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(3,3, 1, 3, 'test 2', style)
ws2.write_merge(4,4, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(5,5, 1, 4, 'test 3', style)
ws2.write_merge(6,6, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(7,7, 1, 5, 'test 4', style)
ws2.write_merge(8,8, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(9,9, 1, 3, 'test 5', style)
ws2.row(1).level= 1
ws2.row(2).level= 1
ws2.row(3).level= 2
ws2.row(4).level= 2
ws2.row(5).level= 2
ws2.row(6).level= 2
ws2.row(7).level= 2
ws2.row(8).level= 1
ws2.row(9).level= 1
ws2.col(1).level= 1
ws2.col(2).level= 1
ws2.col(3).level= 2
ws2.col(4).level= 2
ws2.col(5).level= 2
ws2.col(6).level= 2
ws2.col(7).level= 2
ws2.col(8).level= 1
ws2.col(9).level= 1
ws0.protect= True
ws0.wnd_protect= True
ws0.obj_protect= True
ws0.scen_protect= True
ws0.password= "123456"
ws1.protect= True
ws1.wnd_protect= True
ws1.obj_protect= True
ws1.scen_protect= True
ws1.password= "abcdefghij"
ws2.protect= True
ws2.wnd_protect= True
ws2.obj_protect= True
ws2.scen_protect= True
ws2.password= "ok"
wb.protect= True
wb.wnd_protect= True
wb.obj_protect= True
wb.save('protection.xls')
31.1.5 完整实例
下面程序的write_xls对输出xls进行了一定封装，比较有实用意义。
#Write an XLS file with a single worksheet, containing
#a heading row and some rows of data.
importxlwt
importdatetime
ezxf= xlwt.easyxf
defwrite_xls(file_name,sheet_name, headings, data, heading_xf, data_xfs):
book = xlwt.Workbook()
sheet = book.add_sheet(sheet_name)
rowx = 0
for colx, value in enumerate(headings):
sheet.write(rowx, colx, value,heading_xf)
sheet.set_panes_frozen(True) # frozenheadings instead of split panes
sheet.set_horz_split_pos(rowx+1) # ingeneral, freeze after last heading row
sheet.set_remove_splits(True) # if userdoes unfreeze, don't leave a split there
for row in data:
rowx += 1
for colx, value in enumerate(row):
sheet.write(rowx, colx, value,data_xfs[colx])
book.save(file_name)
if__name__ == '__main__':
import sys
mkd = datetime.date
hdngs = ['Date', 'Stock Code', 'Quantity','Unit Price', 'Value', 'Message']
kinds = 'date text int price money text'.split()
data = [
[mkd(2007, 7, 1), 'ABC', 1000,1.234567, 1234.57, ''],
[mkd(2007, 12, 31), 'XYZ', -100,4.654321, -465.43, 'Goods returned'],
] + [
[mkd(2008, 6, 30), 'PQRCD', 100,2.345678, 234.57, ''],
] * 100
heading_xf = ezxf('font: bold on; align:wrap on, vert centre, horiz center')
kind_to_xf_map = {
'date':ezxf(num_format_str='yyyy-mm-dd'),
'int': ezxf(num_format_str='#,##0'),
'money': ezxf('font: italic on;pattern: pattern solid, fore-colour grey25',
num_format_str='$#,##0.00'),
'price': ezxf(num_format_str='#0.000000'),
'text': ezxf(),
}
data_xfs = [kind_to_xf_map[k] for k inkinds]
write_xls('xlwt_easyxf_simple_demo.xls','Demo', hdngs, data, heading_xf, data_xfs)
参考资料：