• Python yield与实现


    Python yield与实现

    yield的功能类似于return,但是不同之处在于它返回的是生成器

    生成器

    生成器是通过一个或多个yield表达式构成的函数,每一个生成器都是一个迭代器(但是迭代器不一定是生成器)。

    如果一个函数包含yield关键字,这个函数就会变为一个生成器。

    生成器并不会一次返回所有结果,而是每次遇到yield关键字后返回相应结果,并保留函数当前的运行状态,等待下一次的调用。

    由于生成器也是一个迭代器,那么它就应该支持next方法来获取下一个值。

    基本操作

    # 通过`yield`来创建生成器
    def func():
       for i in xrange(10);
            yield i
    
    # 通过列表来创建生成器
    [i for i in xrange(10)]
    # 调用如下
    >>> f = func()
    >>> f # 此时生成器还没有运行
    <generator object func at 0x7fe01a853820>
    >>> f.next() # 当i=0时,遇到yield关键字,直接返回
    0
    >>> f.next() # 继续上一次执行的位置,进入下一层循环
    1
    ...
    >>> f.next()
    9
    >>> f.next() # 当执行完最后一次循环后,结束yield语句,生成StopIteration异常
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    StopIteration
    >>> 

    除了next函数,生成器还支持send函数。该函数可以向生成器传递参数。

    >>> def func():
    ...     n = 0
    ...     while 1:
    ...         n = yield n #可以通过send函数向n赋值
    ... 
    >>> f = func()
    >>> f.next() # 默认情况下n为0
    0
    >>> f.send(1) #n赋值1
    1
    >>> f.send(2)
    2
    >>> 

    应用

    最经典的例子,生成无限序列。

    常规的解决方法是,生成一个满足要求的很大的列表,这个列表需要保存在内存中,很明显内存限制了这个问题。

    def get_primes(start):
        for element in magical_infinite_range(start):
            if is_prime(element):
                return element

    如果使用生成器就不需要返回整个列表,每次都只是返回一个数据,避免了内存的限制问题。

    def get_primes(number):
        while True:
            if is_prime(number):
                yield number
            number += 1

    生成器源码分析

    生成器的源码在Objects/genobject.c

    调用栈

    在解释生成器之前,需要讲解一下Python虚拟机的调用原理。

    Python虚拟机有一个栈帧的调用栈,其中栈帧的是PyFrameObject,位于Include/frameobject.h

    typedef struct _frame {
        PyObject_VAR_HEAD
        struct _frame *f_back;  /* previous frame, or NULL */
        PyCodeObject *f_code;   /* code segment */
        PyObject *f_builtins;   /* builtin symbol table (PyDictObject) */
        PyObject *f_globals;    /* global symbol table (PyDictObject) */
        PyObject *f_locals;     /* local symbol table (any mapping) */
        PyObject **f_valuestack;    /* points after the last local */
        /* Next free slot in f_valuestack.  Frame creation sets to f_valuestack.
           Frame evaluation usually NULLs it, but a frame that yields sets it
           to the current stack top. */
        PyObject **f_stacktop;
        PyObject *f_trace;      /* Trace function */
    
        /* If an exception is raised in this frame, the next three are used to
         * record the exception info (if any) originally in the thread state.  See
         * comments before set_exc_info() -- it's not obvious.
         * Invariant:  if _type is NULL, then so are _value and _traceback.
         * Desired invariant:  all three are NULL, or all three are non-NULL.  That
         * one isn't currently true, but "should be".
         */
        PyObject *f_exc_type, *f_exc_value, *f_exc_traceback;
    
        PyThreadState *f_tstate;
        int f_lasti;        /* Last instruction if called */
        /* Call PyFrame_GetLineNumber() instead of reading this field
           directly.  As of 2.3 f_lineno is only valid when tracing is
           active (i.e. when f_trace is set).  At other times we use
           PyCode_Addr2Line to calculate the line from the current
           bytecode index. */
        int f_lineno;       /* Current line number */
        int f_iblock;       /* index in f_blockstack */
        PyTryBlock f_blockstack[CO_MAXBLOCKS]; /* for try and loop blocks */
        PyObject *f_localsplus[1];  /* locals+stack, dynamically sized */
    } PyFrameObject;

    栈帧保存了给出代码的的信息和上下文,其中包含最后执行的指令,全局和局部命名空间,异常状态等信息。f_valueblock保存了数据,b_blockstack保存了异常和循环控制方法。

    举一个例子来说明,

    def foo():
        x = 1
        def bar(y):
            z = y + 2  # <--- (3) ... and the interpreter is here.
            return z
        return bar(x)  # <--- (2) ... which is returning a call to bar ...
    foo()              # <--- (1) We're in the middle of a call to foo ...

    那么,相应的调用栈如下,一个py文件,一个类,一个函数都是一个代码块,对应者一个Frame,保存着上下文环境以及字节码指令。

    c   ---------------------------
    a  | bar Frame                 | -> block stack: []
    l  |     (newest)              | -> data stack: [1, 2]
    l   ---------------------------
       | foo Frame                 | -> block stack: []
    s  |                           | -> data stack: [<Function foo.<locals>.bar at 0x10d389680>, 1]
    t   ---------------------------
    a  | main (module) Frame       | -> block stack: []
    c  |       (oldest)            | -> data stack: [<Function foo at 0x10d3540e0>]
    k   ---------------------------

    每一个栈帧都拥有自己的数据栈和block栈,独立的数据栈和block栈使得解释器可以中断和恢复栈帧(生成器正式利用这点)。

    Python代码首先被编译为字节码,再由Python虚拟机来执行。一般来说,一条Python语句对应着多条字节码(由于每条字节码对应着一条C语句,而不是一个机器指令,所以不能按照字节码的数量来判断代码性能)。

    调用dis模块可以分析字节码,

    from dis import dis
    
    dis(foo)
    
      5           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (1) # 加载常量1
                  3 STORE_FAST               0 (x) # x赋值为1
    
      6           6 LOAD_CONST               2 (<code object bar at 0x7f3cdee3a030, file "t1.py", line 6>) # 加载常量2
                  9 MAKE_FUNCTION            0 # 创建函数
                 12 STORE_FAST               1 (bar) 
    
      9          15 LOAD_FAST                1 (bar) 
                 18 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)
                 21 CALL_FUNCTION            1  # 调用函数
                 24 RETURN_VALUE        

    其中,

    第一行为代码行号;
    第二行为偏移地址;
    第三行为字节码指令;
    第四行为指令参数;
    第五行为参数解释。

    生成器源码分析

    由了上面对于调用栈的理解,就可以很容易的明白生成器的具体实现。

    生成器的源码位于object/genobject.c

    生成器的创建

    PyObject *
    PyGen_New(PyFrameObject *f)
    {
        PyGenObject *gen = PyObject_GC_New(PyGenObject, &PyGen_Type); # 创建生成器对象
        if (gen == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(f);
            return NULL;
        }
        gen->gi_frame = f; # 赋予代码块
        Py_INCREF(f->f_code); # 引用计数+1
        gen->gi_code = (PyObject *)(f->f_code);
        gen->gi_running = 0; # 0表示为执行,也就是生成器的初始状态
        gen->gi_weakreflist = NULL;
        _PyObject_GC_TRACK(gen); # GC跟踪
        return (PyObject *)gen;
    }

    send与next

    nextsend函数,如下

    static PyObject *
    gen_iternext(PyGenObject *gen)
    {
        return gen_send_ex(gen, NULL, 0);
    }
    
    
    static PyObject *
    gen_send(PyGenObject *gen, PyObject *arg)
    {
        return gen_send_ex(gen, arg, 0);
    }

    从上面的代码中可以看到,sendnext都是调用的同一函数gen_send_ex,区别在于是否带有参数。

    static PyObject *
    gen_send_ex(PyGenObject *gen, PyObject *arg, int exc)
    {
        PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
        PyFrameObject *f = gen->gi_frame;
        PyObject *result;
    
        if (gen->gi_running) { # 判断生成器是否已经运行
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "generator already executing");
            return NULL;
        }
        if (f==NULL || f->f_stacktop == NULL) { # 如果代码块为空或调用栈为空,则抛出StopIteration异常
            /* Only set exception if called from send() */
            if (arg && !exc)
                PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
            return NULL;
        }
    
        if (f->f_lasti == -1) { # f_lasti=1 代表首次执行
            if (arg && arg != Py_None) { # 首次执行不允许带有参数
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                "can't send non-None value to a "
                                "just-started generator");
                return NULL;
            }
        } else {
            /* Push arg onto the frame's value stack */
            result = arg ? arg : Py_None;
            Py_INCREF(result); # 该参数引用计数+1
            *(f->f_stacktop++) = result; # 参数压栈
        }
    
        /* Generators always return to their most recent caller, not
         * necessarily their creator. */
        f->f_tstate = tstate;
        Py_XINCREF(tstate->frame);
        assert(f->f_back == NULL);
        f->f_back = tstate->frame;
    
        gen->gi_running = 1; # 修改生成器执行状态
        result = PyEval_EvalFrameEx(f, exc); # 执行字节码
        gen->gi_running = 0; # 恢复为未执行状态
    
        /* Don't keep the reference to f_back any longer than necessary.  It
         * may keep a chain of frames alive or it could create a reference
         * cycle. */
        assert(f->f_back == tstate->frame);
        Py_CLEAR(f->f_back);
        /* Clear the borrowed reference to the thread state */
        f->f_tstate = NULL;
    
        /* If the generator just returned (as opposed to yielding), signal
         * that the generator is exhausted. */
        if (result == Py_None && f->f_stacktop == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(result);
            result = NULL;
            /* Set exception if not called by gen_iternext() */
            if (arg)
                PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
        }
    
        if (!result || f->f_stacktop == NULL) {
            /* generator can't be rerun, so release the frame */
            Py_DECREF(f);
            gen->gi_frame = NULL;
        }
    
        return result;
    }

    字节码的执行

    PyEval_EvalFrameEx函数的功能为执行字节码并返回结果。

    # 主要流程如下,
    for (;;) {
       switch(opcode) { # opcode为操作码,对应着各种操作
            case NOP:
                goto  fast_next_opcode;
            ...
            ...
            case YIELD_VALUE: # 如果操作码是yield
                retval = POP(); 
                f->f_stacktop = stack_pointer;
                why = WHY_YIELD;
                goto fast_yield; # 利用goto跳出循环
        }
    }
    
    fast_yield:
        ... 
    return vetval; # 返回结果

    举一个例子,f_back上一个Frame,f_lasti上一次执行的指令的偏移量,

    import sys
    from dis import dis
    
    
    def func():
        f = sys._getframe(0)
        print f.f_lasti
        print f.f_back
        yield 1
    
        print f.f_lasti
        print f.f_back
        yield 2
    
    
    a = func()
    dis(func)
    a.next()
    a.next()

    结果如下,其中第三行的英文为操作码,对应着上面的opcode,每次switch都是在不同的opcode之间进行选择。

      6           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (sys)
                  3 LOAD_ATTR                1 (_getframe)
                  6 LOAD_CONST               1 (0)
                  9 CALL_FUNCTION            1
                 12 STORE_FAST               0 (f)
    
      7          15 LOAD_FAST                0 (f)
                 18 LOAD_ATTR                2 (f_lasti) 
                 21 PRINT_ITEM          
                 22 PRINT_NEWLINE       
    
      8          23 LOAD_FAST                0 (f)
                 26 LOAD_ATTR                3 (f_back)
                 29 PRINT_ITEM          
                 30 PRINT_NEWLINE       
    
      9          31 LOAD_CONST               2 (1)
                 34 YIELD_VALUE     # 此时操作码为YIELD_VALUE,直接跳转上述goto语句,此时f_lasti为当前指令,f_back为当前frame
                 35 POP_TOP             
    
     11          36 LOAD_FAST                0 (f)
                 39 LOAD_ATTR                2 (f_lasti)
                 42 PRINT_ITEM          
                 43 PRINT_NEWLINE       
    
     12          44 LOAD_FAST                0 (f)
                 47 LOAD_ATTR                3 (f_back)
                 50 PRINT_ITEM          
                 51 PRINT_NEWLINE       
    
     13          52 LOAD_CONST               3 (2)
                 55 YIELD_VALUE         
                 56 POP_TOP             
                 57 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
                 60 RETURN_VALUE        
    18
    <frame object at 0x7fa75fcebc20> #和下面的frame相同,属于同一个frame,也就是说在同一个函数(命名空间)内,frame是同一个。
    39
    <frame object at 0x7fa75fcebc20>
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/skying555/p/5386394.html
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