Django-Rest-Framework 教程: 快速入门

1. 设置

我们创建django项目tutorial, 和app quickstart:

    # 创建新Django项目
    django-admin.py startproject tutorial
    cd tutorial

    # 使用virtualenvwrapper创建Virtualenv
    mkvirtualenv env
    workon env

    # 在env中安装Django 和 Django REST framework
    pip install django
    pip install djangorestframework

    # 创建新app
    python manage.py startapp quickstart

然后根据自己的数据库配置设置数据库:

    # tutorial/settings.py
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2',
            'NAME': 'database_name',
            'USER': 'database_user',
            'PASSWORD': 'database_password',
            'HOST': '',
            'PORT': ''
        }
    }
    ...
    INSTALLED_APPS = (
        ...
        'quickstart',
        'rest_framework',
    )

    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': ('rest_framework.permissions.IsAdminUser',),
        'PAGINATE_BY': 10
    }

最后通过syncdb创建数据库

    python manage.py syncdb

2. 序列化

接下来我们创建用于数据序列化的代码:

    # quickstart/serializers.py
    from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group
    from rest_framework import serializers


    class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = User
            fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups')


    class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
        class Meta:
            model = Group
            fields = ('url', 'name')

值得注意的是, 我们使用的是HyperlinkedModelSerializer. 你可以使用主键或者其他关系, 但使用HyperlinkedModelSerializer是一个好的 RESTful 设计.

3. Views

    # quickstart/views.py
    from django.contrib.auth.models import User, Group
    from rest_framework import viewsets
    from quickstart.serializers import UserSerializer, GroupSerializer


    class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
        """
        允许查看和编辑user 的 API endpoint
        """
        queryset = User.objects.all()
        serializer_class = UserSerializer


    class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
        """
        允许查看和编辑group的 API endpoint
        """
        queryset = Group.objects.all()
        serializer_class = GroupSerializer

在django_rest_framework中, 所有常见的行为都被归到了ViewSets中. 当然我们可以将这些行为分拆出来, 但使用ViewSets, 使view的逻辑更为清楚.

使用queryset和serializer_class代替model变量, 使我们能更加好的控制API行为, 这也是我们推荐的使用方式.

4. URLs

    # tutorial/urls.py
    from django.conf.urls import patterns, url, include
    from rest_framework import routers
    from quickstart import views

    router = routers.DefaultRouter()
    router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
    router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet)

    # Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
    # Additionally, we include login URLs for the browseable API.
    urlpatterns = patterns('',
        url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
        url(r'^api-auth/', include('rest_framework.urls', namespace='rest_framework'))
    )

因为我们使用的是viewset, 所以我们可以使用route class自动生成url conf.

5. 测试

至此我们的设置完成, 可以测试我们的REST API了, 首先启动django服务器:

    python ./manage.py runserver

我们可以使用curl命令:

    bash: curl -H 'Accept: application/json; indent=4' -u admin:password http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/
    {
        "count": 2,
        "next": null,
        "previous": null,
        "results": [
            {
                "email": "admin@example.com",
                "groups": [],
                "url": "http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/1/",
                "username": "admin"
            },
            {
                "email": "tom@example.com",
                "groups": [                ],
                "url": "http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/2/",
                "username": "tom"
            }
        ]
    }

或者直接使用浏览器也可以: