• sqlalchemy使用


    1.SQLAlchemy的作用
    ORM对象关系映射技术

    2.SQLAlchemy安装
    pip install SQLAlchemy
    查看SQLAlchemy版本

    3.生成数据库连接

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    
    DB_CONNECT_STRING = 'postgresql+psycopg2://postgres:@localhost:5432/postgres'
    engine = create_engine(DB_CONNECT_STRING)
    DB_Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = DB_Session()
    

    DB_CONNECT_STRING:数据库连接字符串
    engine:创建数据库引擎
    DB_Session:数据库会话工厂,用于创建数据库连接实例
    session:数据库会话实例,可以理解为一个数据库连接, SQLAlchemy 自己维护了一个数据库连接池(默认 5 个连接),因此初始化一个会话的开销并不大。

    4.直接执行sql

    print(session.execute('select * from "user" where id = 1').first())
    print(session.execute('select * from "user" where id = :id', {'id': 1}).first())
    

    运行结果:

    5.sqlalchemy一般使用的是它的ORM特性,声明模型Model

    from sqlalchemy import Column,String,Integer
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    class User(Base):
        __tablename__='user'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        name=Column(String(50))
    	# 属性名可以和字段名不一致
    	from_=Column('from',String(50))
    
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    

    基类Base,是一个model和数据库表管理类。
    通过继承Base,可自动实现model和数据库表的关联。
    create_all(engine) 会找到 BaseModel 的所有子类,并在数据库中建立这些表。
    drop_all() 则是删除这些表。

    6.批量插入

    # 一次插入10000
    start = time.time()
    for i in range(10000):
        user = User()
        user.name = str(i)
        session.add(user)
    session.commit()
    end = time.time()
    print(end - start)
    start = time.time()
    session.execute(User.__table__.insert(),
                    [{'name': str(i)} for i in range(10000)]
                    )
    session.commit()
    end = time.time()
    print(end - start)
    

    运行结果:

    使用非ORM的方式批量插入可以大幅提高效率

    7.增删改查
    session是关系型数据库中的事务。
    1)增加记录

    user=User(name="shijingjing07")
    session.add(user)
    session.commit()
    

    必须commit,才能真正写入数据库
    2)删除记录

    usr=session.query(User).first()
    session.delete(usr)
    session.commit()
    

    3)更新记录

    usr=session.query(User).first()
    usr.name="icefinger"
    session.add(usr)
    session.commit()
    

    4)查询记录
    过滤器:

    #==
    usr=session.query(User).filter(User.name=="icefinger").first()
    print(usr.id)
    #!=
    usr=session.query(User).filter(User.name!="icefinger").first()
    print(usr.id)
    #like
    usr=session.query(User).filter(User.name.like("icefinger%")).first()
    print(usr.id)
    #in
    usr=session.query(User).filter(User.name.in_(["icefinger","tomcat","james"])).first()
    print(usr.id)
    #not in
    usr=session.query(User).filter(~User.name.in_(["icefinger","tomcat","james"])).first()
    print(usr.id)
    #is null
    usr=session.query(User).filter(User.name==None).first()
    print(usr.id)
    usr=session.query(User).filter(User.name.is_(None)).first()
    print(usr.id)
    #and
    from sqlalchemy import and_
    usr=session.query(User).filter(and_(User.name=="icefinger",User.id=="2")).first()
    print(usr.id)
    #or
    from sqlalchemy import or_
    usr=session.query(User).filter(or_(User.name=="icefinger",User.id=="3")).first()
    print(usr.id)
    

    返回值:

    #first,使用limit返回第一行
    print("--first--")
    usr=session.query(User).filter(or_(User.name=="icefinger",User.id=="3")).first()
    print(usr.id)
    #all,返回所有行
    print("--all--")
    usrlist=session.query(User).filter(or_(User.name=="icefinger",User.id=="3")).all()
    for usr in usrlist:
        print(usr.id)
    #one,返回行数只能是一条
    print("--one--")
    try:
        usr = session.query(User).filter(or_(User.name == "icefinger", User.id == "3")).one()
        print(usr)
    except:
        print("must be one")
    #one_on_none,返回行数只能是一条,或none
    print("--one_or_none--")
    usr = session.query(User).filter(and_(User.name == "icefinger", User.id == "2")).one_or_none()
    print(usr)
    #scalar,同one_on_none,返回行数只能是一条,或none
    print("--scalar--")
    usr = session.query(User).filter(or_(User.name == "icefinger", User.id == "2")).scalar()
    print(usr)
    

    运行结果:

    统计个数:

    print("--count1--")
    count=session.query(User).count()
    print(count)
    print("--count2--")
    count = session.query(func.count('*')).select_from(User).scalar()
    print(count)
    

    8.其他常用语法

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, func
    
    DB_CONNECT_STRING = 'postgresql+psycopg2://postgres:@localhost:5432/postgres'
    engine = create_engine(DB_CONNECT_STRING)
    DB_Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = DB_Session()
    
    BaseModel = declarative_base()
    class User(BaseModel):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(30))
    
    BaseModel.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    BaseModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    user = User(name='a')
    session.add(user)
    user = User(name='b')
    session.add(user)
    user = User(name='a')
    session.add(user)
    user = User()
    session.add(user)
    session.commit()
    
    query = session.query(User)
    print(query) # 显示SQL 语句
    print(query.statement) # 同上
    for user in query: # 遍历时查询
        print(user.name)
    print(query.all()) # 返回的是一个类似列表的对象
    print(query.first().name) # 记录不存在时,first() 会返回 None
    # print query.one().name # 不存在,或有多行记录时会抛出异常
    print(query.filter(User.id == 2).first().name)
    print(query.get(2).name) # 以主键获取,等效于上句
    print(query.filter('id = 2').first().name) # 支持字符串
    
    query2 = session.query(User.name)
    print(query2.all()) # 每行是个元组
    print(query2.limit(1).all()) # 最多返回 1 条记录
    print(query2.offset(1).all()) # 从第 2 条记录开始返回
    print(query2.order_by(User.name).all())
    print(query2.order_by('name').all())
    print(query2.order_by(User.name.desc()).all())
    print(query2.order_by('name desc').all())
    print(session.query(User.id).order_by(User.name.desc(), User.id).all())
    
    print(query2.filter(User.id == 1).scalar()) # 如果有记录,返回第一条记录的第一个元素
    print(session.query('id').select_from(User).filter('id = 1').scalar())
    
    print(query.count())
    print(session.query(func.count('*')).select_from(User).scalar())
    print(session.query(func.current_timestamp()).scalar()) # 使用func调用数据库函数
    

    9.替换一个已有主键的记录

    user = User(id=1, name='ooxx')
    session.merge(user)
    session.commit()
    

    10.关系-一对多
    1)如下图所示,一个用户可能对应多个地址

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine,and_,or_,func
    from sqlalchemy import Table,Column,String,Integer,ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship,sessionmaker
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    engine=create_engine("postgresql://postgres:sj1107@localhost:5432/sampledb")
    Session=sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    Base = declarative_base(bind=engine)
    class User(Base):
        __tablename__='user'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        addresses=relationship('Address')
    class Address(Base):
        __tablename__='address'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        user_id=Column(Integer,ForeignKey('user.id'))
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        Base.metadata.create_all()
        u=User()
        session.add(u)
        session.commit()
        a1=Address(user_id=u.id)
        a2=Address(user_id=u.id)
        session.add(a1)
        session.add(a2)
        session.commit()
        print(u.addresses)
    

    运行结果:

    ForeignKey:外键,制定了user_id和User的关系
    relationship:绑定了两个Model的联系,通过User直接得到所有的地址。

    2)根据address获取user:
    address只能获得user_id,然后根据user_id获取user
    能不能通过address直接获取user呢?在model里,添加relationship关系就可以了。

    class User(Base):
        __tablename__='user'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        addresses=relationship('Address')
    class Address(Base):
        __tablename__='address'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        user_id=Column(Integer,ForeignKey('user.id'))
        user=relationship('User')
    

    运行结果:

    3)上例中两个model中都添加relationship,看起来很繁琐,能不能只指定一个,另一个默认就可以访问呢?
    backref参数就可以了。

    class User(Base):
        __tablename__='user'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        addresses=relationship('Address',backref="user")
    class Address(Base):
        __tablename__='address'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        user_id=Column(Integer,ForeignKey('user.id'))
    

    运行结果:

    11.关系-多对多
    user和address关系为多对多,即一个user对应多个address,一个address对应多个user
    多对多需要中间表来关联

    #定义中间表,关联多对多关系
    user_address_table =Table(
        'user_address',Base.metadata,
        Column('user_id',Integer,ForeignKey('user.id')),
        Column('address_id',Integer,ForeignKey('address.id'))
    )
    class User(Base):
        __tablename__='user'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        addresses=relationship('Address',secondary=user_address_table)
    class Address(Base):
        __tablename__='address'
        id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        users=relationship('User',secondary=user_address_table)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        # Base.metadata.create_all()
        u1=User()
        u2=User()
        session.add(u1)
        session.add(u2)
        session.commit()
        a1=Address(users=[u1,u2])
        a2 = Address(users=[u1, u2])
        session.add(a1)
        session.add(a2)
        session.commit()
        print(u1.addresses)
        print(a1.users)
        session.delete(u1)
        print(a1.users)
    

    运行结果:

    12.连接表
    上例提到,可以使用relationship关联表,relationship虽然看上去比较方便,但是比较复杂,且存在性能问题,所以一般自己join

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, func, ForeignKey
    
    DB_CONNECT_STRING = 'postgresql+psycopg2://postgres:@localhost:5432/postgres'
    engine = create_engine(DB_CONNECT_STRING)
    DB_Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = DB_Session()
    
    BaseModel = declarative_base()
    class User(BaseModel):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(30))
    
    class Friend(BaseModel):
        __tablename__ = 'friend'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(30))
        user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'))
    
    BaseModel.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    BaseModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    user = User(name='a')
    session.add(user)
    user = User(name='b')
    session.add(user)
    session.commit()
    
    friend = Friend(name='er',user_id=1)
    session.add(friend)
    friend = Friend(name='tr',user_id=1)
    session.add(friend)
    session.commit()
    
    # 拥有朋友的用户,方法一
    query = session.query(User).join(Friend, Friend.user_id == User.id)
    print(query.all())
    # 拥有朋友的用户,方法二
    query = session.query(User).filter(
        User.id == Friend.user_id
    )
    print(query.all())
    # 所有用户,及用户对应的朋友
    query = session.query(User, Friend).outerjoin(Friend, Friend.user_id == User.id)
    print(query.all())
    

    运行结果:
    【1.png】

    13.扩展基类
    declarative_base基类,是一个model和数据库表管理类。
    我们可以定义一个扩展基类,抽象model的公共属性,和一些公共的数据库操作函数。

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, func, ForeignKey
    
    DB_CONNECT_STRING = 'postgresql+psycopg2://postgres:@localhost:5432/postgres'
    engine = create_engine(DB_CONNECT_STRING)
    DB_Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = DB_Session()
    
    BaseModel = declarative_base()
    
    
    class CommonModel(object):
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    
        @classmethod
        def get_one_by_id(cls, session, id):
            try:
                query = session.query(cls).filter(cls.id == id)
                return query.one_or_none()
            except Exception as e:
                return None
    
        @classmethod
        def get_all(cls, session,query_columns=None, filter_columns=None, offset=None, limit=None,order_by=None):
            try:
                if not query_columns:
                    query = session.query(cls)
                else:
                    query = session.query(*query_columns)
                if filter_columns:
                    query = query.filter(*filter_columns)
                if limit:
                    query = query.limit(limit)
                if offset:
                    query = query.offset(offset)
                if order_by:
                    query = query.order_by(order_by)
                return query.all()
            except Exception as e:
                return None
    
        @classmethod
        def get_count(cls, session, filter_columns=None):
            try:
                query = session.query(cls)
                if filter_columns:
                    query = query.filter(*filter_columns)
                count = query.count()
                return count
            except Exception as e:
                return None
    
    
    class User(BaseModel, CommonModel):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        name = Column(String(30))
    
    # BaseModel.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    # BaseModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
    result = User.get_one_by_id(session, 1)
    print(result)
    result = User.get_all(session)
    print(result)
    result = User.get_count(session)
    print(result)
    

    运行结果:

  • 相关阅读:
    java方法名的重载
    数据库ifnull方法
    java类的方法
    java属性的默认值
    sublime使用攻略
    1046 Shortest Distance
    1047 Student List for Course
    1048 Find Coins
    1049 Counting Ones
    1050 String Subtraction
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/shijingjing07/p/7527825.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知