• Mysql数据库基础操作


    Mysql数据库基础操作

    在mysql数据库中开启使用tab键补全功能

    	1)修改主配置文件/etc/mysql/my.cnf(mysql和mariadb目录有些不同)
    		vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
    			[mysql]
    			#no-auto-rehash
    			auto-rehash
    	2)重启并登录测试
    	3)可以设置临时支持他不键补全
    		msyql -uroot -p --auto-rehash
    

    使mysql支持简体中文

    	vim /etc/msyql/my.cnf(mysql和mariadb目录有些不同)
    		[client]
    		default-character-set=uft8
    		[mysql]
    		default-character-set=uft8
    	service mysqld restart
    

    mysql数据库表和库管理操作

    	注意:大部分命令不区分大小写,且有些唯一的命令可以简写
    	1)查看数据库结构
    		1》查看数据库列表信息
    			show database;
    			help show
    			help item:item在下面所示,来进行更进一步查看帮助
    				show authors
    				show {binary | master} logs
    				show binlog events [in 'log_name'] [from pos] [limit [offset,] row_count]
    				show character set [like_or_where]
    				show collation [like_or_where]
    				show [full] columns from tbl_name [from db_name] [like_or_where]
    				show contributors
    				show create database db_name
    				show create event event_name
    				show create function func_name
    				show create procedure proc_name
    				show create table tbl_name
    				show create trigger trigger_name
    				show create view view_name
    				show databases [like_or_where]
    				show engine engine_name {status | mutex}
    				show [storage] engines
    				show errors [limit [offset,] row_count]
    				show events
    				show function code func_name
    				show function status [like_or_where]
    				show grants for user
    				show index from tbl_name [from db_name]
    				show master status
    				show open tables [from db_name] [like_or_where]
    				show plugins
    				show procedure code proc_name
    				show procedure status [like_or_where]
    				show privileges
    				show [full] processlist
    				show profile [types] [for query n] [offset n] [limit n]
    				show profiles
    				show slave hosts
    				show slave status
    				show [global | session] status [like_or_where]
    				show table status [from db_name] [like_or_where]
    				show [full] tables [from db_name] [like_or_where]
    				show triggers [from db_name] [like_or_where]
    				show [global | session] variables [like_or_where]
    				show warnings [limit [offset,] row_count]
    					like_or_where:
    					    LIKE 'pattern'| WHERE expr
    				
    		2》查看数据表信息
    			use  数据库名称;##使用数据库
    			show tables;
    			help use
    				user db_name;
    				use db1;
    				select count(*) from mytable;   # selects from db1.mytable
    				use db2;
    				select count(*) from mytable;   # selects from db2.mytable
    				
    		3》显示数据表的结构(字段)
    			describe [数据库.]表名
    			describe mysql.user;
    			help describe
    				{DESCRIBE | DESC} tb_name [col_name | wild]
    					tbl_name:表名
    					col_name:列名
    					
    	2)DDL(数据定义语言)语句操作
    		1》create 创建新库和创建新表
    			create database 数据库名;
    			create table 表名(定义字段);
    			help create 
    			help item:items在下面所示,来进一步查看帮助
    				create database
    				create event
    				create function
    				create function udf
    				create index
    				create procedure
    				create server
    				create table
    				create tablespace
    				create trigger
    				create user
    				create view
    			示例:
    				MariaDB [mysql]> create database auther;
    				MariaDB [mysql]> use auther;
    				MariaDB [auther]> create table users (user_name char(20) not null,user_passwd char(30) default '',primary key (user_name));
    				MariaDB [auther]> show tables ;
    				MariaDB [auther]> desc users;
    		2》drop 删除库和删除表
    			drop table [数据库名.]表名;
    			drop database 数据库名;
    			drop [temporary] table [if exists] tb_name [,tb_name2...];
    			help drop
    			help item:item是下面所示,来进一步查看帮助
    				drop database
    				drop event
    				drop function
    				drop function udf
    				drop index
    				drop procedure
    				drop server
    				drop table
    				drop tablespace
    				drop trigger
    				drop user
    				drop view
    			示例:
    				MariaDB [haha]> drop table haha.users ;
    				MariaDB [haha]> drop database haha;
    		3》alter 更改表结构
    			alter table [数据库名.]表名
    			help alter
    			help item:item是下面所示,来进一步查看帮助
    				alter database
    				alter event
    				alter function
    				alter logfile group
    				alter procedure
    				alter server
    				alter table
    				alter tablespace
    				alter view
    		4》复制表
    			create table tb_name2 select * from tb_name1;
    			create table tb_name2 select id,user_name from tb_name1;
    		5》创建临时表
    			create temporary table tb_name;
    		6》表重命名
    			alter table tb_name_old to tb_name_new;
    			rename table tb_nam_old to tb_name_new;
    			help rename
    			help item:item是下面所示,来进一步查看帮助
    				rename table
    				rename user
    				
    	3)DML(数据库操作语言)语句操作
    		1》insert 插入新数据
    			insert into 表名(字段1,字段2,....)values([调用函数]'字段1的值',[调用函数]'字段2的值',...);
    			help insert
    				insert [low_priority | delayed | high_priority] [ignore][into] tbl_name 
    				[(col_name,...)] {values | value} ({expr | default},...),(...),... [ on duplicate key update col_name=expr [, col_name=expr] ... ]
    				
    				insert [low_priority | delayed | high_priority] [ignore][into] tbl_name 
    				set col_name={expr | default}, ... [ on duplicate key update col_name=expr [, col_name=expr] ... ]
    		
    				insert [low_priority | high_priority] [ignore] [into] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] 
    				select ... [ on duplicate key update col_name=expr[, col_name=expr] ... ]
    				
    			示例:
    				MariaDB [auther]> insert into users(user_name,user_passwd) values('shen',password('1234'));
    				MariaDB [auther]> insert into users values('list',password('1234')); ##字段内容也可以省略
    				MariaDB [auther]> select * from users ;
    				+-----------+--------------------------------+
    				| user_name | user_passwd                    |
    				+-----------+--------------------------------+
    				| list      | *A4B6157319038724E3560894F7F93 |
    				| shen      | *A4B6157319038724E3560894F7F93 |
    				+-----------+--------------------------------+
    		2》update 更改原有数据
    			update 表名 set 字段名1=值1[,字段2=值2] where 条件表达式;
    			help update
    				single-table syntax:
    					update [low_priority] [ignore] tbl_name
    						set col_name1={expr1|default} [, col_name2={expr2|default}] ...
    						[where where_condition]
    						[order by ...]
    						[limit row_count]
    				
    				multiple-table syntax:
    					update [low_priority] [ignore] tbl_name
    						set col_name1={expr1|default} [, col_name2={expr2|default}] ...
    						[where where_condition]
    				
    			示例:
    				MariaDB [auther]> update auther.users set user_passwd=password('') where user_name='list';
    				MariaDB [auther]> select  * from auther.users;
    				+-----------+--------------------------------+
    				| user_name | user_passwd                    |
    				+-----------+--------------------------------+
    				| list      |                                |
    				| shen      | *A4B6157319038724E3560894F7F93 |
    				+-----------+--------------------------------+
    				MariaDB [(none)]> update mysql.user set password=password('xm1234') where user='root';  ##修改root的密码
    				MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges; ##刷新权限
    		
    		3》delete 删除不需要的数据
    			delete from 表名 where 条件表达式;
    			help delete
    				single-table syntax:
    					delete [low_priority] [quick] [ignore] 
    						from tbl_name
    						[where where_condition]
    						[order by ...]
    						[limit row_count]
    				multiple-table syntax:
    					delete [low_priority] [quick] [ignore] tbl_name[.*] [, tbl_name[.*]] ...
    						from table_references
    						[where where_condition]
    					delete [low_priority] [quick] [ignore]
    						from tbl_name[.*] [, tbl_name[.*]] ...
    						using table_references
    						[where where_condition]
    			示例:
    				MariaDB [auther]> delete from auther.users where user_name='list'; 
    			
    	4)DQL(数据查询语言)语句操作
    		select 查询语句
    			select 字段名1,字段名2,....  from 表名 [where 条件表达式];
    			help select
    				select
    				    [all | distinct | distinctrow ][high_priority][straight_join][sql_small_result] [sql_big_result] [sql_buffer_result][sql_cache | sql_no_cache] [sql_calc_found_rows]select_expr [, select_expr ...]
    				    [from table_references
    				    [where where_condition]
    				    [group by {col_name | expr | position}[asc | desc], ... [with rollup]][having where_condition]
    				    [order by {col_name | expr | position}[asc | desc], ...]
    				    [limit {[offset,] row_count | row_count offset offset}][procedure procedure_name(argument_list)]
    				    [into outfile 'file_name' [character set charset_name] export_options|into dumpfile 'file_name'|into var_name [, var_name]]
    				    [for update | lock in share mode]]
    					distinct:数据去重;
    					sql_cache:显式指定缓存查询语句的结果;
    					sql_no_cache:显式指定不缓存查询语句的结果;
    					query_cache_type服务器变量有三个值:
    						on:启用; 
    							sql_no_cache:不缓存;默认符合缓存条件都缓存;
    						off:关闭;
    						demand:按需缓存;
    							sql_cache:缓存;默认不缓存;
    					
    			示例:
    				MariaDB [auther]> select * from auther.users;
    				MariaDB [auther]> select user_name from auther.users;
    				MariaDB [auther]> select * from auther.users where user_name='shen';
    		查询执行路径:
    				请求-->查询缓存
    				请求-->查询缓存-->解析器-->预处理器-->优化器-->查询执行引擎-->存储引擎-->缓存-->响应
    		select语句的执行流程:
    				from  --> where --> group by --> having --> order by --> select --> limit 
    		字段可以使用别名 :
    			col1 as alias1, col2 as alias2, ... :as有时可以省略
    		
    		多表查询:
    			连接操作:
    				交叉连接:笛卡尔乘积;
    				内连接:
    					等值连接:让表之间的字段以等值的方式建立连接;
    					不等值连接:
    					自然连接
    					自连接
    				外连接:
    					左外连接:
    						from tb1 left join tb2 on tb1.col = tb2.col 
    					右外连接:
    						from tb1 right join tb2 on tb1.col = tb2.col 
    						
    		子查询:在查询中嵌套查询;
    			
    			用于where子句中的子查询;
    				(1) 用于比较表达式中的子查询:子查询仅能返回单个值; 
    				(2) 用于in中的子查询:子查询可以返回一个列表值; 
    				(3) 用于exists中的子查询:
    			用于from子句中的子查询;
    				select tb_alias.col1, ... from (select clause) as tb_alias where clause; 
    				
    		联合查询:将多个查询语句的执行结果相合并;
    			union 
    				select clause union select cluase;
    		
    		
    		
    	5)条件控制(非常重要,一般不能没有控制条件)
    		1》where语句
    			指明过滤条件以实现“选择”功能;过滤条件:布尔型表达式;
    			where where_condition
    			select * from tb_name where A=b;
    		2》group by 语句
    			根据指定的字段把查询的结果进行“分组”以用于“聚合”运算;
    			
    		3》order by 语句
    			根据指定的字段把查询的结果进行排序,升序asc,降序desc。
    		4》having 语句
    				对分组聚合后的结果进行条件过滤
    				select * from tb_name group by score having count(*)>n;
    		5》limit 语句
    			对输出的结果进行数量限制
    			[limit {[offset,] row_count | row_count offset offset}]
    			limit row_count
    		6》相关条件控制符
    			算术操作符:+, -, *, /, %
    			比较操作符:=, <>, !=, <=>, >, >=, <, <=
    			区间:between min and max 
    			列表:in()
    			模糊比较:like(),% 为匹配任意,_  匹配一个字符
    			值:is null,is not null
    			逻辑操作符:and,or,not
    		7》query cache:缓存查询的执行结果;
    			key:查询语句的hash值; 
    			value:查询语句的执行结果;
    	6)mysql的函数
    		1》concat():字符串连接函数
    		2》数学函数
    			avg()、sum()、max()、min()、count();
    		3》文本处理函数
    			trim()、locate()、upper()、lower()、substring();
    		4》时间函数
    			date()、curtime()、day()、year()、now()
    	7)示例:
    		建立数据库imployee_salary
    			show databases;
    			create database imployee_salary;
    			use imployee_salary;
    			create table IT_salary(岗位类别 char(20) not null,姓名 char(20) not null,年龄 int, 员工 ID int not null, 学历 char(6), 薪资 int not null,primary key (员工 ID));
    			insert into IT_salary(岗位类别,类别,姓名,年龄,员工 ID,学历,年限,薪资) values('网络工程师','wang',27,011,'本科',3,4800);
    			select * from IT_salary;
    	8)explain:
    		分析查询语句的执行路径
    

    其他常用命令

    	show status :显示广泛的服务器状态信息
    	status:显示当前服务器状态
    	show grants:显示授权用户的安全权限
    	show errors or warnings:显示服务器错误或警告信息
    	select user() or current_user:显示当前连接用户
    	select now() or current_timestamp:显示当前时间
    	select database():显示当前数据库
    

    mysql数据乱码的解决方法

    	1)mysql数据乱码的可能原因
    		服务器系统字符设置问题
    		数据表语系设置问题
    		客户端连接语系的问题
    	2)解决方法
    		1》在创建数据库时设定
    			create database 库名 character set 'utf8' collate 'utf8_general_ci';
    		2》在创建表时设定字符集
    			create table tbl_name(字段 格式) default charset=utf8;
    		3》使用set names 设置默认字符集
    			set names utf8;  ##或者charset utf8
    		4》永久修改,修改主配置文件在[mysql]字段中加入default_character_set=utf8。
    			vim /etc/my.cnf
    				[mysql]      ##注意,不是[mysqld],否则启动时会报错。
    				default-character-set=utf8
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/shenxm/p/8469545.html
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