【Python爬虫】Urllib库的基本使用

1、如何发送get请求

import urllib.request

response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

2、如何发送post请求

import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

data = bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode({'word': 'hello'}), encoding='utf8')
print(data)
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data)
print(response.read())

3、timeout参数的使用

在某些网络情况不好或者服务器端异常的情况会出现请求慢的情况，或者请求异常，所以这个时候我们需要给
请求设置一个超时时间，而不是让程序一直在等待结果。例子如下：

import urllib.request

response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get', timeout=12)
print(response.read())

4、处理异常

import socket
import urllib.request
import urllib.error

try:
    response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get', timeout=0.1)
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
    if isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout):
        print('TIME OUT')

from urllib import request,error

try:
    response = request.urlopen("http://pythonsite.com/1111.html")
except error.URLError as e:
    print(e.reason)

5、给请求添加头部信息

from urllib import request, parse

url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)',
    'Host': 'httpbin.org'
}
dict = {
    'name': 'zhaofan'
}
data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding='utf8')
req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers, method='POST')
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

6、设置代理爬取数据

import urllib.request

proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({
    'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:9743',
    'https': 'https://127.0.0.1:9743'
})
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
response = opener.open('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.read())

7、

cookie,HTTPCookiProcessor

cookie中保存中我们常见的登录信息，有时候爬取网站需要携带cookie信息访问,这里用到了http.cookijar，用于获取cookie以及存储cookie

import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cookie = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
for item in cookie:
    print(item.name+"="+item.value)

同时cookie可以写入到文件中保存，有两种方式http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar和http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar()，当然你自己用哪种方式都可以

具体代码例子如下：
http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar()方式

import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
filename = "cookie.txt"
cookie = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)

http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar()方式

import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
filename = 'cookie.txt'
cookie = http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar(filename)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)

同样的如果想要通过获取文件中的cookie获取的话可以通过load方式，当然用哪种方式写入的，就用哪种方式读取。

 

import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cookie = http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar()
cookie.load('cookie.txt', ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))

urlencode
这个方法可以将字典转换为url参数

from urllib.parse import urlencode

params = {
    "name":"zhaofan",
    "age":23,
}
base_url = "http://www.baidu.com?"

url = base_url+urlencode(params)
print(url)