Docker学习重点(3)~docker命令：帮助命令、镜像命令、容器命令、常用其他命令

一、帮助命令

docker version # 显示docker的基本信息
docker info # 系统信息，镜像和容器的数量
docker 命令 --help # 全部信息

• 官网文档：https://docs.docker.com/reference/

二、镜像命令[增删改查]：

• 查看所有镜像 docker images
• 搜索镜像 docker search 镜像名
• 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
• 删除镜像 docker rmi -f 镜像id
• 删除所有镜像 docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq)

1、查看所有镜像：docker images

• 查看所有本地主机上的镜像

[root@192 ~]# docker images

# 解释
REPOSITORY      # 镜像仓库源
TAG             # 镜像的标签
IMAGE ID        # 镜像的ID
CREATED         # 镜像的创建时间
SIZE            # 镜像的大小

--all , -a		Show all images (default hides intermediate images) # 显示所有
--digests		Show digests
--filter , -f		Filter output based on conditions provided
--format		Pretty-print images using a Go template
--no-trunc		Don’t truncate output
--quiet , -q		Only show numeric IDs # 只显示id

2、搜索镜像：docker search

• 搜索仓库中的镜像，相当于网页搜索

• 推荐到docker hub官网搜索：http://hub.docker.com

docker search mysql

docker search --help

• 设置搜索条件：

# 解释
Options:
  -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
      --format string   Pretty-print search using a Go template
      --limit int       Max number of search results (default 25)
      --no-trunc        Don't truncate output

docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000 # 搜索出Stars大于3000的

3、下载镜像：docker pull

• 版本到官网查看，官网：https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql

★ docker的精髓：分层下载 image的核心，联合文件系统

（1）下载镜像命令：docker pull 镜像名[:tag]

• 不写tag，默认是lasest

• docker的精髓：分层下载

4、删除镜像：docker rmi

• 删除镜像命令：docker rmi 镜像id/镜像名称

# 删除一个 可以通过名称 也可以指定id -f表示强制
docker rmi -f 9cfcce23593a
# 删除多个 用空格分隔id
docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id
# 删除所有 
docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq) # images -aq就是查所有镜像id，从而递归删除

三、容器命令

• 镜像创建运行一个docker容器实例 docker run [可选参数] image

# 启动并进入容器
docker run -it centos /bin/bash 
# 等价于：先run启动，然后通过exex /bin/bash 进入容器 
docker run -it centos 
docker exec -it 容器id /bin/bash

• 查看运行的容器：docker ps [可选参数]

• 退出容器：【停止容器】exit 【非停止容器】ctr+p+q

• 删除容器：docker rm [可选参数] 容器id

# 删除所有容器 -f 强制的
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)
# 删除所有容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm

• 启动、重启、停止、杀死容器：

• 启动：docker start 容器id

• 重启：docker restart 容器id

• 停止：docker stop 容器id

• 杀死：docker kill 容器id

1、案例：centos容器的测试

（1）下载centos 镜像

docker pull centos

（2）新建容器实例并启动

docker run [可选参数] image

# 参数说明
--name="Name"   # 容器名字，用于区分容器
-d 后台方式运行
-it 使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p 指定容器的端口 如-p 8080::8080
	-p ip:主机端口：容器端口
	-p 主机端口:容器端口（常用）
	-p 容器端口
	
-p 随机指定端口

# 测试，启动并进入容器
docker run -it centos /bin/bash 
# 等价于：
docker run -it centos 
docker exec -it 容器id /bin/bash
# 查看目录，查看容器内的centos，基本版本，很多命令都是不完善的！
ls
# 退出，从容器中退回主机
exit

（3）查看运行的容器

# 查看正在运行的容器
docker ps
# 查看所有(包括曾经)运行的容器
docker ps -a
# 显示最近创建的容器，设置显示个数
docker ps -a - n=? 
# 只显示容器的编号（容器id）
docker ps -aq

[root@192 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@192 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                     PORTS               NAMES
9939864fa2e6        centos              "bin/bash"          4 minutes ago       Exited (0) 4 minutes ago                       unruffled_knuth
5f42e9930435        centos              "/bin/bash"         8 minutes ago       Exited (0) 4 minutes ago                       lucid_cannon
a89ddb393d3d        bf756fb1ae65        "/hello"            19 hours ago        Exited (0) 19 hours ago                        gracious_bhabha
[root@192 ~]# docker ps -a -n=2
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                     PORTS               NAMES
9939864fa2e6        centos              "bin/bash"          6 minutes ago       Exited (0) 6 minutes ago                       unruffled_knuth
5f42e9930435        centos              "/bin/bash"         10 minutes ago      Exited (0) 7 minutes ago 
[root@192 ~]# docker ps -aq
9939864fa2e6
5f42e9930435
a89ddb393d3d

（4）退出容器

# 容器停止退出
exit
# 容器不停止退出 注意必须在英文输入法下，中文输入法不行
Ctrl + P + Q

[root@192 ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@bfcea13c40cd /]# [root@192 ~]# docker ps ##注意这里会自动给个命令，删掉
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED              STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
bfcea13c40cd        centos              "/bin/bash"         About a minute ago   Up About a minute                       stoic_wilson
edbd9366d959        centos              "/bin/bash"         7 minutes ago        Up 7 minutes                            affectionate_bartik
[root@192 ~]# docker exec -it edbd9366d959 /bin/bash ## 再次进入
[root@edbd9366d959 /]# exit ##停止并推出
exit

（5）删除容器

# 删除指定容器 不能删除正在运行的容器，如果强制删除 rm -f
docker rm 容器id
# 删除所有容器
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)
# 删除所有容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm

[root@192 ~]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                      PORTS               NAMES
bfcea13c40cd        centos              "/bin/bash"         29 minutes ago      Up 29 minutes                                   stoic_wilson
edbd9366d959        centos              "/bin/bash"         35 minutes ago      Up 35 minutes                                   affectionate_bartik
9939864fa2e6        centos              "bin/bash"          48 minutes ago      Exited (0) 48 minutes ago                       unruffled_knuth
5f42e9930435        centos              "/bin/bash"         52 minutes ago      Exited (0) 49 minutes ago                       lucid_cannon
a89ddb393d3d        bf756fb1ae65        "/hello"            20 hours ago        Exited (0) 20 hours ago                         gracious_bhabha
[root@192 ~]# docker rm 5f42e9930435
5f42e9930435
[root@192 ~]# docker rm edbd9366d959      # 注意正在运行的容器不能删除
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container edbd9366d9596c744dd449119269b04de2f2a494e7fc471f6396bcefd94c33fe. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove

[root@192 ~]# docker ps -aq # 所有容器id
bfcea13c40cd
edbd9366d959
9939864fa2e6
a89ddb393d3d
[root@192 ~]# docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) # 全部删除
bfcea13c40cd
edbd9366d959
9939864fa2e6
a89ddb393d3d

（6）启动和停止/杀死容器的操作

docker start
docker restart
docker stop
docker kill

四、常用其他命令

• 后台启动docker命令：参数是 -d

docker run -d 镜像名/镜像id

• 查看日志[没有报错信息或者报错信息不足以解决问题时，需要查看日志]： docker logs

docker logs [-f -t --tail n] 容器id

• 查看进程(ps)： docker top 容器id

• 查看正在运行的容器信息: docker inspect 容器id

• 进入当前正在运行的容器 docker exec -it 容器id /bin/bash

• 从容器内拷贝文件到主机上 容器数据拷贝到主机: docker cp 容器id 宿主机的文件目录

• 查看内容占用：docker stats

1、后台启动docker，参数是 -d

docker run -d 镜像名

问题：docker 容器使用后台运行，用docker ps 查看的时候 发现停止了

原因：后台运行，docker发现前台没有，容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，会立刻停止

2、查看日志

docker logs
docker logs -f -t --tail n 容器id

[root@192 ~]# docker logs --help

Usage:	docker logs [OPTIONS] CONTAINER

Fetch the logs of a container

Options:
      --details        Show extra details provided to logs
  -f, --follow         Follow log output
      --since string   Show logs since timestamp (e.g.
                       2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative
                       (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
      --tail string    Number of lines to show from the
                       end of the logs (default "all")
  -t, --timestamps     Show timestamps # 时间戳
      --until string   Show logs before a timestamp (e.g.
                       2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative
                       (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)

# 脚本
while true;do echo shenzai;sleep 

# 查看日志，由于没有运行脚本，所以啥也没显示
[root@192 ~]# docker logs -f -t --tail 10 c2887d35c71d
^C # ctrl+c退出

# 运行centos里面加个脚本
[root@192 ~]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo shenzai;sleep 1;done"

[root@192 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
cb6d7fbc3f27        centos              "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   7 seconds ago       Up 6 seconds                           

# 查看日志 发现隔一秒打印一条
[root@192 ~]# docker logs -f -t --tail 10 cb6d7fbc3f27

3、查看运行的容器，查看容器中的进程信息 ps

• top 命令，方便以后杀死进程
• 命令：docker top 容器id

docker top 3cdbca722bab

UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME               
root                24624               24603               0                   22:22               ?                   00:00:00            /bin/sh -c while true;do echo kuangshen;sleep 1;done            

4、查看正在运行的容器信息（镜像元数据）：inspect

• 命令：docker inspect 容器id

[root@192 ~]# docker inspect cb6d7fbc3f27
[
    {
        # 容器的完整id
        "Id": "cb6d7fbc3f27a064137d58282de97b97365dea2705211ebfbad642079cc1b388",
        
        # 创建时间
        "Created": "2020-06-17T12:00:50.706906186Z",
        
        # 脚本位置
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        
        # 运行的脚本
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo shenzai;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running", # 状态，正在运行
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 1909, # 父进程id
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2020-06-17T12:00:51.093617477Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        
        # 来源镜像
        "Image": "sha256:831691599b88ad6cc2a4abbd0e89661a121aff14cfa289ad840fd3946f274f1f",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/cb6d7fbc3f27a064137d58282de97b97365dea2705211ebfbad642079cc1b388/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/cb6d7fbc3f27a064137d58282de97b97365dea2705211ebfbad642079cc1b388/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/cb6d7fbc3f27a064137d58282de97b97365dea2705211ebfbad642079cc1b388/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/cb6d7fbc3f27a064137d58282de97b97365dea2705211ebfbad642079cc1b388/cb6d7fbc3f27a064137d58282de97b97365dea2705211ebfbad642079cc1b388-json.log",
        
        
        "Name": "/dreamy_almeida",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        
        # 主机配置
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "Capabilities": null,
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        
        # 其他配置
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3675586ebbd79cd72d2562a90c9380627a331c563724c0dac091f92600af4907-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/7f79322e0f58d651a84a555dadd83d92537788172525945d3f538dd95dce336c/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3675586ebbd79cd72d2562a90c9380627a331c563724c0dac091f92600af4907/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3675586ebbd79cd72d2562a90c9380627a331c563724c0dac091f92600af4907/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3675586ebbd79cd72d2562a90c9380627a331c563724c0dac091f92600af4907/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        
        "Mounts": [], # 挂载
        
        # 基本配置
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "cb6d7fbc3f27",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ], # 基本环境变量，这里没有Java
            
            # 基本命令
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo shenzai;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20200611",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        
        # 网卡，比如现在用的是桥接的网卡
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "4d701985d7e77aa153790b697b2f38a61e20555c224b7675e4bf650b82799882",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/4d701985d7e7",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "8a6c71e2bafb19ca7dfd85445ccc4bef6d17467360a243d624089e676a24a018",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.3",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:03",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "22b0fd2290ccbc4e066a75d3f01bd8bf32ee4352c5bbcfc9f911287219219571",
                    "EndpointID": "8a6c71e2bafb19ca7dfd85445ccc4bef6d17467360a243d624089e676a24a018",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.3",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:03",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

5、进入当前正在运行的容器

• 命令：docker exec -it 容器id bashSHELL

● 区别：是否开启一个新的线程

• docker exec 进入容器后开启一个新的终端，可以在里面操作(常用)

• docker attach 进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程

# 我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的
docker exec -it 容器id bashSHELL

# 测试
[root@192 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
c2887d35c71d        centos              "/bin/bash"         35 minutes ago      Up 35 minutes                           
[root@192 ~]# docker exec -it c2887d35c71d /bin/bash
[root@c2887d35c71d /]# ls
bin  etc   lib	  lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr
[root@c2887d35c71d /]# ps -ef
UID         PID   PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root          1      0  0 11:57 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root         14      0  0 12:32 pts/1    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root         28     14  0 12:32 pts/1    00:00:00 ps -ef
[root@c2887d35c71d /]# c2887d35c71d
[root@c2887d35c71d /]# exit
exit

# 方式二
[root@192 ~]# docker attach c2887d35c71d
[root@c2887d35c71d /]# 

6、从容器内拷贝文件到主机上 cp

# 运行
[root@192 ~]# docker run -it centos
# ctrl P Q 不关闭退出，查看
[root@0569081aa89c /]# [root@192 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
0569081aa89c        centos              "/bin/bash"         19 seconds ago      Up 19 seconds    
hopeful_chebyshev

# 查看主机home下无文件
[root@192 ~]# cd /home
[root@192 home]# ls

# 进入正在运行的容器
[root@192 home]# docker attach 0569081aa89c

# 进入容器home目录
[root@0569081aa89c /]# cd /home

# 在目录中创建java文件
[root@0569081aa89c home]# touch test.java

# 退出并停止容器
[root@0569081aa89c home]# exit
exit

# 查看现在运行的容器
[root@192 home]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES

# 容器虽然被停止，但是数据都会保留
[root@192 home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                         PORTS               NAMES
0569081aa89c        centos              "/bin/bash"              3 minutes ago       Exited (0) 8 seconds ago                           hopeful_chebyshev
f589e5684a01        centos              "/bin/bash"              44 minutes ago      Exited (0) 44 minutes ago                          cranky_easley
cb6d7fbc3f27        centos              "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   54 minutes ago      Exited (137) 42 minutes ago                        dreamy_almeida
c2887d35c71d        centos              "/bin/bash"              58 minutes ago      Exited (127) 16 minutes ago                        vigorous_kare
8ce188e5fee3        centos              "/bin/bash"              About an hour ago   Exited (0) About an hour ago                       tender_dirac
7b1a7dd10ea4        centos              "/bin/bash"              9 hours ago         Exited (0) 9 hours ago                             fervent_mirzakhani

# 容器数据拷贝到主机
[root@192 home]# docker cp 0569081aa89c:/home/test.java /home
[root@192 home]# ls
test.java

# 拷贝是一个手动过程，未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现自动同步 /home /home

7、查看内容占用 stats

docker stats

如果本文对你有帮助的话记得给一乐点个赞哦，感谢！