一、insert插入数据
1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入) 语法一: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n); 语法二: INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n); 2. 指定字段插入数据 语法: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…); 3. 插入多条记录 语法: INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n), (值1,值2,值3…值n); 4. 插入查询结果 语法: INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2 WHERE …;
上述4中需要提前创建好表,然后才能将查询的结果插入表格中,但是也可以通过创建表的同时将查询的数据插入创建的表中,如下例:
二、使用update更新数据
语法: UPDATE 表名 SET 字段1=值1, 字段2=值2, WHERE CONDITION; 示例: UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;
三、使用delete删除数据
语法: DELETE FROM 表名 WHERE CONITION; 示例: DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE password=’’; 请空表: truncate 表;
四、用select查询单表数据
单表查询的语法介绍如下:
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
WHERE 条件
GROUP BY field
HAVING 筛选
ORDER BY field
LIMIT 限制条数
注:以上语法顺序不可以置换!!!
以上关键字的执行顺序为:(1)找到表:from;(2)拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件取出一条条记录;(3)将取出的结果进行group by分组,如果没有group by,则将整体作为一组;(4)将分组的结果进行having过滤;(5)执行select;(6)去重distinct;(7)将结果按照条件进行排序order by;(8)限制结果的显示条数limit
方便后面内容进行展开,先按照如下内容创建表格:
#创建表 create table employee( id int not null unique auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int, #一个部门一个屋子 depart_id int ); #查看表结构 mysql> desc employee; +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | | | hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | | | post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | | | office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ #插入记录 #三个部门:教学,销售,运营 insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3) ; #ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
1、简单查询
#简单查询 SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT name,salary FROM employee; #避免重复DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; #通过四则运算查询 SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
以下两条命令作用一样: SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; #定义显示格式 CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串 SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
distinct去重的作用如下:
as显示效果的区别:
2、where约束
where字句中可以使用: 1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> != 2. between 80 and 100 值在80到100之间,包括80和100 3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100 4. like 'egon%' pattern可以是%或_, %表示任意多字符 _表示任意一个字符 5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1:单条件查询 SELECT name FROM employee WHERE post='sale'; #2:多条件查询 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000; #3:关键字BETWEEN AND SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; #4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS) SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null ps: 执行 update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上条查看,就会有结果了 #5:关键字IN集合查询 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询 通配符’%’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'eg%'; 通配符’_’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
#练习 1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄 select name,age from employee where post='teacher'; 2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄 select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-10000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000; 4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息 select * from employee where not post_comment is null; 5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000); 6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000); 7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪 select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';
3、分组 group by
注意:使用分组只能查看分组的依据和聚合函数,若是查看其它信息,则默认是该组的第一条信息,这其实是没有意义的。如下:
为了防止这样做可以设置全局变量:set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';,设置成功退出再次登录,重复上述操作则会报错:
(1)什么是分组?为什么要分组?
#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的 #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等 #3、为何要分组呢? 取每个部门的最高工资 取每个部门的员工数 取男人数和女人数 小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据 #4、大前提: 可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
(2)group by的使用
分组的字段的选择:如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组 SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post; 注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数 GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用 select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
(3)聚合函数
#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组 示例: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1; SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee; SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
(4)练习
1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字 select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post; 2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数 select post,count(id) from employee group by post; 3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数 select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex; 4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资 5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资 6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资 7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资 select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
4、having过滤
haveing与where的区别:
#!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having #1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。 #2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
若没有分组,使用where和having的效果一样:
练习:
1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数 select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2; 2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000; 3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) < 20000;
5、查询排序 order by
按单列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary; #升序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;#升序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; #降序 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC;
练习:
#1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序 select * from employee order by age asc,hire_date desc; #2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 order by avg(salary) asc; #3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
6、查询显示的记录数 limit
示例: SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
7、使用正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}'; 小结:对字符串匹配的方式 WHERE name = 'egon'; WHERE name LIKE 'yua%'; WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
例:查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结尾的员工信息(select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[ng]$')