• python之路_mysql数据操作1


     

    一、insert插入数据

    1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入)
        语法一:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);
    
        语法二:
        INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);
    
    2. 指定字段插入数据
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);
    
    3. 插入多条记录
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
            (值1,值2,值3…值n),
            (值1,值2,值3…值n),
            (值1,值2,值3…值n);
            
    4. 插入查询结果
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) 
                        SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
                        WHERE …;

      上述4中需要提前创建好表,然后才能将查询的结果插入表格中,但是也可以通过创建表的同时将查询的数据插入创建的表中,如下例:

    二、使用update更新数据

    语法:
        UPDATE 表名 SET
            字段1=值1,
            字段2=值2,
            WHERE CONDITION;
    
    示例:
        UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) 
            where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;

    三、使用delete删除数据

    语法:
        DELETE FROM 表名 
            WHERE CONITION;
    
    示例:
        DELETE FROM mysql.user 
            WHERE password=’’;
    
    请空表:
        truncate 表;

    四、用select查询单表数据

      单表查询的语法介绍如下:

    SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                      WHERE 条件
                      GROUP BY field
                      HAVING 筛选
                      ORDER BY field
                      LIMIT 限制条数
    
    注:以上语法顺序不可以置换!!!

      以上关键字的执行顺序为:(1)找到表:from;(2)拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件取出一条条记录;(3)将取出的结果进行group by分组,如果没有group by,则将整体作为一组;(4)将分组的结果进行having过滤;(5)执行select;(6)去重distinct;(7)将结果按照条件进行排序order by;(8)限制结果的显示条数limit

      方便后面内容进行展开,先按照如下内容创建表格:

    #创建表
    create table employee(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary double(15,2),
    office int, #一个部门一个屋子
    depart_id int
    );
    
    
    #查看表结构
    mysql> desc employee;
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
    | age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
    | hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
    | post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    
    #插入记录
    #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
    insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
    ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
    ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
    ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
    ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
    ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
    ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
    ('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
    
    ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
    ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
    ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
    ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
    ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
    
    ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
    ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
    ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
    ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
    ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
    ;
    
    #ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk

    1、简单查询

    #简单查询
        SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee;
        SELECT * FROM employee;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee;
    
    #避免重复DISTINCT
        SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    
    
    #通过四则运算查询
        SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
       以下两条命令作用一样: SELECT name, salary
    *12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; #定义显示格式 CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串 SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee;

      distinct去重的作用如下:

      as显示效果的区别:

    2、where约束

    where字句中可以使用:
    
        1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
        2. between 80 and 100 值在80到100之间,包括80和100
        3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
        4. like 'egon%'
            pattern可以是%或_,
            %表示任意多字符
            _表示任意一个字符 
        5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
    #1:单条件查询
        SELECT name FROM employee
            WHERE post='sale';
            
    #2:多条件查询
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee
            WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
    
    #3:关键字BETWEEN AND
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
        
    #4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
            WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
    
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
            WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
            
        SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
            WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
        ps:
            执行
            update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
            再用上条查看,就会有结果了
    
    #5:关键字IN集合查询
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
        
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
    
        SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
            WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
    
    #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
        通配符’%’
        SELECT * FROM employee 
                WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';
    
        通配符’_’
        SELECT * FROM employee 
                WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
    #练习
    1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
    select name,age from employee where post='teacher';
    
    2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
    select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30;
    
    3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-10000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
    select name,age,salary from employee
        where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
    
    4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
    select * from employee where not post_comment is null;
    
    5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
    select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
    
    6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
    select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
    
    7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
    select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

    3、分组 group by

      注意:使用分组只能查看分组的依据和聚合函数,若是查看其它信息,则默认是该组的第一条信息,这其实是没有意义的。如下:

      为了防止这样做可以设置全局变量:set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';,设置成功退出再次登录,重复上述操作则会报错:

      (1)什么是分组?为什么要分组?

    #1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
    
    #2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等
    
    #3、为何要分组呢?
        取每个部门的最高工资
        取每个部门的员工数
        取男人数和女人数
    
    小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
    
    
    #4、大前提:
        可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数

      (2)group by的使用

      分组的字段的选择:如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
    单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
        SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
        注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
    
    GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    
    GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
        select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人

      (3)聚合函数

    #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
    
    示例:
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
        SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;

      (4)练习

    1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
    select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
    
    2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
    select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
    
    3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
    select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
    
    4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
    5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
    6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
    7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
    select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;

    4、having过滤

      haveing与where的区别:

    #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
    #1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
    
    #2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

      若没有分组,使用where和having的效果一样:

      练习:

    1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
    select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
    
    2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
    select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
    
    3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
    select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) < 20000;

    5、查询排序 order by

    按单列排序
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;  #升序
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;#升序
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;  #降序
    
    按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
        SELECT * from employee
            ORDER BY age,
            salary DESC;

     练习:

    #1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
        select * from employee order by age asc,hire_date desc;
    #2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
         select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
    #3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
        select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000 order by avg(salary) desc;

    6、查询显示的记录数 limit

    示例:
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
            LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
        
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
    
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    7、使用正则表达式查询

    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
    
    
    小结:对字符串匹配的方式
    WHERE name = 'egon';
    WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
    WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';

    例:查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结尾的员工信息(select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[ng]$')

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/seven-007/p/7730349.html
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