Angular 官网的代码：
https://angular.io/api/core/Injectable#providedin
我把这段代码原封不动地拷贝到我的 app.module.ts ，然后执行：
@Injectable()
class UsefulService {
}
@Injectable()
class NeedsService {
constructor(public service: UsefulService) { }
}
const injector = Injector.create({
providers:
[{ provide: NeedsService, deps: [UsefulService] }, { provide: UsefulService, deps: [] }]
});
expect(injector.get(NeedsService).service instanceof UsefulService).toBe(true);
遇到下面的错误消息：
Uncaught ReferenceError: expect is not defined
奇怪的是，Visual Studio Code 里并没有任何语法错误，而且 expect 的定义也能识别到：
然而运行时，expect 的值无法识别：not available
后来我在 medium 上一篇论文里找到了答案：
https://medium.com/@danielrob/understand-angular-testing-with-jasmine-karma-8d1384962011
realise the difference between the browser environment during a karma run vs that when it is being served by an http server
Karma 运行在浏览器环境上和运行在 HTTP 服务器(server side)是有所差异的。
当运行在浏览器里时，describe，it，expect 这些函数均无法访问。
而运行在服务器上时，能正常访问：
During a karma run context, the window object has been populated with jasmine and angular-mock functions. Angular-mock came from our ‘karma.conf’ file list. Now that we understand these methods are being exposed on the window object, and where they come from, we are fit use them.
在 Karma 运行上下文，jasmine 和 Angular-mock 相关的函数，被生成并保存在 window 对象上。Angular-mock 来自 karma.conf.
既然弄清楚了原因，也就不再继续纠结 Angular 官网上的代码了，将 expect 改成 console.log 即可。
更多Jerry的原创文章，尽在："汪子熙":
