上一篇介绍了关于字节输入输出流的Java类框架，同时也简单介绍了一下各个类的作用，下面就来具体看一下这些类是怎么实现这些功能的。
1、InputStream和OutputStream
InputStream类的源代码如下：
public abstract class InputStream implements Closeable {
private static final int MAX_SKIP_BUFFER_SIZE = 2048;//最多可以跳过字节的数量
// 获取下一个字节数据并返回int值（范围0~255），如果流结束，返回-1
public abstract int read() throws IOException;
public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException {//读取一个字节，返回值为所读得字节
return read(b, 0, b.length);
}
//读取len个字节，放置到以下标off开始字节数组b中，返回值为实际 读取的字节的数量
public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
if (b == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (len == 0) {
return 0;
}
int c = read();
if (c == -1) {
return -1;
}
b[off] = (byte)c;
int i = 1;
try {
for (; i < len ; i++) {
c = read();
if (c == -1) {
break;
}
b[off + i] = (byte)c;
}
} catch (IOException ee) {
}
return i;
}
//读指针跳过n个字节不读，返回值为实际跳过的字节数量
public long skip(long n) throws IOException {
long remaining = n;
int nr;
if (n <= 0) {
return 0;
}
int size = (int)Math.min(MAX_SKIP_BUFFER_SIZE, remaining);
byte[] skipBuffer = new byte[size];
while (remaining > 0) {
nr = read(skipBuffer, 0, (int)Math.min(size, remaining));
if (nr < 0) {
break;
}
remaining -= nr;
}
return n - remaining;
}
// 返回值为流中尚未读取的字节的数量,这个方法应该被子类覆写
public int available() throws IOException {
return 0;
}
public void close() throws IOException {}
// 纪录当前指针的所在位置.
// readlimit参数表示读指针读出的readlimit个字节后 所标记的指针位置才实效。
public synchronized void mark(int readlimit) {}
//把读指针重新指向用mark方法所记录的位置
public synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
throw new IOException("mark/reset not supported");
}
//当前的流是否支持读指针的记录功能
public boolean markSupported() {
return false;
}
}
来解释一下mark()和reset()方法，如下图所示。
讲到具体的类时会进行详细的解说。
下面来看InputStream的源代码，如下：
public abstract class OutputStream implements Closeable, Flushable {
/**
The byte to be written is the eight low-order bits of the argument b. The 24
* high-order bits of b are ignored.
*/
public abstract void write(int b) throws IOException;
public void write(byte b[]) throws IOException {
write(b, 0, b.length);
}
public void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
if (b == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if ((off < 0) || (off > b.length) || (len < 0) ||
((off + len) > b.length) || ((off + len) < 0)) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (len == 0) {
return;
}
for (int i = 0 ; i < len ; i++) {
write(b[off + i]);
}
}
public void flush() throws IOException { }
public void close() throws IOException { }
}
如上主要就是将字节写入到输出流中，具体的写入方法write(int b)是一个抽象方法，取决于具体的实现类的实现。
2、PipedInputStream和PipedOutputStream
PipedInputStream类与PipedOutputStream类用于在应用程序中创建管道通信.一个PipedInputStream实例对象必须和一个PipedOutputStream实例对象进行连接而产生一个通信管道.PipedOutputStream可以向管道中写入数据,PipedIntputStream可以读取PipedOutputStream向管道中写入的数据.这两个类主要用来完成线程之间的通信.一个线程的PipedInputStream对象能够从另外一个线程的PipedOutputStream对象中读取数据.
PipedInputStream和PipedOutputStream的实现原理类似于"生产者-消费者"原理,PipedOutputStream是生产者,PipedInputStream是消费者,在PipedInputStream中有一个buffer字节数组,默认大小为1024,作为缓冲区,存放"生产者"生产出来的东西.还有两个变量in和out。in是用来记录"生产者"生产了多少,out是用来记录"消费者"消费了多少,in为-1表示消费完了,in==out表示生产满了.当消费者没东西可消费的时候,也就是当in为-1的时候,消费者会一直等待,直到有东西可消费.
在两者的构造函数中，都相互提供了连接的构造方法，分别用于接收对方的管道实例，然后调用各自的connect()方法进行连接，如PipedInputStream：
// PipedInputStream
public PipedInputStream(PipedOutputStream src, int pipeSize)
throws IOException {
initPipe(pipeSize);
connect(src);
}
private void initPipe(int pipeSize) {
if (pipeSize <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Pipe Size <= 0");
}
buffer = new byte[pipeSize];
}
public void connect(PipedOutputStream src) throws IOException {
src.connect(this);
}
同时还可以指定缓冲区的大小，看PipedOutputStream：
private PipedInputStream sink;
public PipedOutputStream(PipedInputStream snk) throws IOException {
connect(snk);
}
public PipedOutputStream() { }
// PipedOutputStream
public synchronized void connect(PipedInputStream snk) throws IOException {
if (snk == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if (sink != null || snk.connected) {
throw new IOException("Already connected");
}
sink = snk;
snk.in = -1;
snk.out = 0;
snk.connected = true;
}
没有谁连接谁的规定，只要连接上，效果是一样的。来看输出管道中的write()方法，如下：
public void write(int b) throws IOException {
if (sink == null) {
throw new IOException("Pipe not connected");
}
sink.receive(b);
}
public void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
if (sink == null) {
throw new IOException("Pipe not connected");
} else if (b == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if ((off < 0) || (off > b.length) || (len < 0) ||
((off + len) > b.length) || ((off + len) < 0)) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (len == 0) {
return;
}
sink.receive(b, off, len);
}
方法在写入到byte[]数组缓存区数据后，就会调用输出管道中的receive方法。输出管道中的receive()方法如下：
/**
* Receives a byte of data. This method will block if no input is
* available.
*/
protected synchronized void receive(int b) throws IOException {
checkStateForReceive();
writeSide = Thread.currentThread();
if (in == out)//in==out implies the buffer is full
awaitSpace();
if (in < 0) {//输入管道无数据
in = 0;
out = 0;
}
buffer[in++] = (byte)(b & 0xFF);
if (in >= buffer.length) {
in = 0;// 缓冲区已经满了，等待下一次从头写入
}
}
/**
* Receives data into an array of bytes. This method will
* block until some input is available.
*/
synchronized void receive(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
checkStateForReceive();
writeSide = Thread.currentThread();
int bytesToTransfer = len;
while (bytesToTransfer > 0) {
if (in == out)
awaitSpace();
int nextTransferAmount = 0;
if (out < in) {
nextTransferAmount = buffer.length - in;
} else if (in < out) {
if (in == -1) {
in = out = 0;
nextTransferAmount = buffer.length - in;
} else {
nextTransferAmount = out - in;
}
}
if (nextTransferAmount > bytesToTransfer)
nextTransferAmount = bytesToTransfer;
assert(nextTransferAmount > 0);
System.arraycopy(b, off, buffer, in, nextTransferAmount);
bytesToTransfer -= nextTransferAmount;
off += nextTransferAmount;
in += nextTransferAmount;
if (in >= buffer.length) {
in = 0;
}
}
}
输入管理通过如上的对应方法接收到数据并保存到输入缓冲区后，下面就可以使用read()方法读出这些数据了，如下：
public synchronized int read() throws IOException {
if (!connected) {
throw new IOException("Pipe not connected");
} else if (closedByReader) {
throw new IOException("Pipe closed");
} else if (writeSide != null && !writeSide.isAlive()
&& !closedByWriter && (in < 0)) {
throw new IOException("Write end dead");
}
readSide = Thread.currentThread();
int trials = 2;
while (in < 0) {
if (closedByWriter) {
/* closed by writer, return EOF */
return -1;
}
if ((writeSide != null) && (!writeSide.isAlive()) && (--trials < 0)) {
throw new IOException("Pipe broken");
}
/* might be a writer waiting */
notifyAll();
try {
wait(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
throw new java.io.InterruptedIOException();
}
}
int ret = buffer[out++] & 0xFF;
if (out >= buffer.length) {
out = 0;
}
if (in == out) {
/* now empty */
in = -1;
}
return ret;
}
/**
* Reads up to len bytes of data from this piped input stream into an array of bytes. Less than len bytes
* will be read if the end of the data stream is reached or if len exceeds the pipe's buffer size.
* If len is zero, then no bytes are read and 0 is returned;otherwise, the method blocks until
* at least 1 byte of input is available, end of the stream has been detected, or an exception is
*/
public synchronized int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
if (b == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (len == 0) {
return 0;
}
/* possibly wait on the first character */
int c = read();
if (c < 0) {
return -1;
}
b[off] = (byte) c;
int rlen = 1;
while ((in >= 0) && (len > 1)) {
int available;
if (in > out) {
available = Math.min((buffer.length - out), (in - out));
} else {
available = buffer.length - out;
}
// A byte is read beforehand outside the loop
if (available > (len - 1)) {
available = len - 1;
}
System.arraycopy(buffer, out, b, off + rlen, available);
out += available;
rlen += available;
len -= available;
if (out >= buffer.length) {
out = 0;
}
if (in == out) {
/* now empty */
in = -1;
}
}
return rlen;
}
下面来具体举一个例子，如下：
public class test04 {
public static void main(String [] args) {
Sender sender = new Sender();
Receiver receiver = new Receiver();
PipedOutputStream outStream = sender.getOutStream();
PipedInputStream inStream = receiver.getInStream();
try {
//inStream.connect(outStream); // 与下一句一样
outStream.connect(inStream);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
sender.start();
receiver.start();
}
}
class Sender extends Thread {
private PipedOutputStream outStream = new PipedOutputStream();
public PipedOutputStream getOutStream() {
return outStream;
}
public void run() {
String info = "hello, receiver";
try {
outStream.write(info.getBytes());
outStream.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
class Receiver extends Thread {
private PipedInputStream inStream = new PipedInputStream();
public PipedInputStream getInStream() {
return inStream;
}
public void run() {
byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
try {
int len = inStream.read(buf);
System.out.println("receive message from sender : " + new String(buf, 0, len));
inStream.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
最后运行后输出的结果如下：receive message from sender : hello, receiver
3、ByteArrayInputStream和ByteArrayOutputStream
先来看ByteArrayOutputStream类中write()方法：
// Writes the specified byte to this byte array output stream.
public synchronized void write(int b) {
ensureCapacity(count + 1);
buf[count] = (byte) b;
count += 1;
}
/**
* Writes len bytes from the specified byte array
* starting at offset off to this byte array output stream.
*/
public synchronized void write(byte b[], int off, int len) {
if ((off < 0) || (off > b.length) || (len < 0) ||
((off + len) - b.length > 0)) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
ensureCapacity(count + len);
System.arraycopy(b, off, buf, count, len);
count += len;
}
这个类也是通过向数组中定入值来进行数值传递的，而字节数组的大小可以在创建ByteArrayOutputStream时通过构造函数指定，默认的大小为32.如果在调用write()方法时，都会确保字节数组的容量。如果过小，会自动进行扩容操作。这样就可以把需要的数据写到字节数组中去了。还可以通过调用writeTo()方法可以写入到其他输出流中，源代码如下：
/**
* Writes the complete contents of this byte array output stream to
* the specified output stream argument, as if by calling the output
* stream's write method using out.write(buf, 0, count).
*/
public synchronized void writeTo(OutputStream out) throws IOException {
out.write(buf, 0, count);
}
继续来看ByteArrayInputStream类，这个类可以从字节数组中读出数据，具体的源代码如下：
public synchronized int read() {
return (pos < count) ? (buf[pos++] & 0xff) : -1;
}
public synchronized int read(byte b[], int off, int len) {
if (b == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
if (pos >= count) {
return -1;
}
int avail = count - pos;
if (len > avail) {
len = avail;
}
if (len <= 0) {
return 0;
}
System.arraycopy(buf, pos, b, off, len);
pos += len;
return len;
}
同时也提供了其他的一些方法，如可以跳读字节的skip()方法、查看剩余有效字节的avaible()方法等等，有兴趣的可以自己去看。下面来举一个具体应用的例子，如下：
byte[] bytes = { 0,2, 3, 4, 5 };
try (ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
ByteArrayInputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);){
out.write(bytes);
System.out.println(out.size());//5
System.out.println(in.read());//解
in.skip(1);//2
in.mark(4);
System.out.println(in.read());//3
in.reset();// 从索引为2的地方重新开始读
System.out.println(in.read());//3
System.out.println(in.read());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
4、StringBufferInputStream
这个类现在已经不提倡使用了，个人觉得是因为编码的原因吧。查看这个类后的源代码，如下：
public synchronized int read() {
return (pos < count) ? (buffer.charAt(pos++) & 0xFF) : -1;
}
public synchronized int read(byte b[], int off, int len) {
if (b == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else if ((off < 0) || (off > b.length) || (len < 0) ||
((off + len) > b.length) || ((off + len) < 0)) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
if (pos >= count) {
return -1;
}
if (pos + len > count) {
len = count - pos;
}
if (len <= 0) {
return 0;
}
String s = buffer;
int cnt = len;
while (--cnt >= 0) {
b[off++] = (byte)s.charAt(pos++);
}
return len;
}
发现，其实这个类是将字符串中的字符转换为字节进行读取的，如果这个字符串的字符全部为ISO-8859-1编码所能表示的，那肯定能正常读取。但是通常Java都是Unicode编码，两个字符，所以如果其中出现了Unicode字符的时候，例如中文，读取就会不准确。如下举例：
String str = "马智AB"; StringBufferInputStream st = new StringBufferInputStream(str); byte[] j = new byte[16]; st.read(j); System.out.println(new String(j)); //lzAB
原因可能大家也知道了，两个read()方法在获取到这个字符串的字符(s.charAt())后，强制转换为byte或与0xff相与，这样的结果只能导致取到低8位的编码，而对于两个字节编码的汉字来说，肯定会产生错误。