• MIT自然语言处理第四讲:标注(第三部分)


    MIT自然语言处理第四讲:标注(第三部分)

    自然语言处理:标注
    Natural Language Processing: Tagging
    作者:Regina Barzilay(MIT,EECS Department, November 15, 2004)
    译者:我爱自然语言处理www.52nlp.cn ,2009年3月24日)

    三、 马尔科夫模型(Markov Model)

    a) 直观(Intuition):对于序列中的每个单词挑选最可能的标记(Pick the most likely tag for each word of a sequence)
     i. 我们将对P(T,S)建模,其中T是一个标记序列,S是一个单词序列(We will model P(T,S), where T is a sequence of tags, and S is a sequence of words)
     ii. P({T}delim{|}{S}{})={P(T,S)}/{sum{T}{}{P(T,S)}}
     Tagger(S)= argmax_{T in T^n}logP({T}delim{|}{S}{})
          = argmax_{T in T^n}logP({T,S}{})
    b) 参数估计(Parameter Estimation)
     i. 应用链式法则(Apply chain rule):
     P(T,S)={prod{j=1}{n}{P({T_j}delim{|}{S_1,…S_{j-1},T_1,…,T_{j-1}}{})}}*
              P({S_j}delim{|}{S_1,…S_{j-1}T_1,…,T_{j}}{})
     ii. 独立性假设(马尔科夫假设)(Assume independence (Markov assumption)):
         ={prod{j=1}{n}{P({T_j}delim{|}{T_{j-2},T_{j-1}}{})}}*P({S_j}delim{|}{T_j}{})
    c) 举例(Example)
     i. They/PRP never/RB stop/VB thinking/VBG about/IN new/JJ  ways/NNS to/TO harm/VB our/PROPcountry/NNand/CCour/PRP  people/NN, and/CC neither/DT do/VB we/PRP.
     ii. P(T, S)=P(PRP|S, S)∗P(They|PRP)∗P(RB|S, PRP)∗P(never|RB)∗…
    d) 估计转移概率(Estimating Transition Probabilities)
       P({T_j}delim{|}{T_{j-2},T_{j-1}}{})=
          {lambda_1}*{{Count(T_{j-2},T_{j-1},T_j)}/{Count(T_{j-2},T_{j-1})}}
          +{lambda_2}*{{Count(T_{j-1},T_j)}/{Count(T_{j-1})}}
          +{lambda_3}*{{Count(T_j)}/{Count(sum{i}{}{T_i})}}
    e) 估计发射概率(Estimating Emission Probabilities)
         P({S_j}delim{|}{T_j}{})={Count(S_j,T_j)}/{Count(T_j)}
     i. 问题(Problem): 未登录词或罕见词(unknown or rare words)
      1. 专有名词(Proper names)
      “King Abdullah of Jordan, the King of Morocco, I mean, there’s a series of places — Qatar, Oman – I mean, places that are developing— Bahrain — they’re all developing the habits of free societies.”
      2. 新词(New words)
      “They misunderestimated me.”
    f) 处理低频词(Dealing with Low Frequency Words)
     i. 将词表分为两个集合(Split vocabulary into two sets)
      1. 常用词(Frequent words)— 在训练集中出现超过5次的词(words occurring more than 5 times in training)
      2. 低频词(Low frequency words)— 训练集中的其他词(all other words)
     ii. 依据前缀、后缀等将低频词映射到一个小的、有限的集合中(Map low frequency words into a small, finite set, depending on prefixes, suffixes etc. (see Bikel et al., 1998))

    附:课程及课件pdf下载MIT英文网页地址:
       http://people.csail.mit.edu/regina/6881/

  • 相关阅读:
    EF关联
    nopcommerce v3.9中文包
    Android Activity切换与Activity间数据交互
    C#多线程的用法9-Semaphore
    C#多线程的用法8-线程间的协作AutoResetEvent
    C#多线程的用法7-线程间的协作ManualResetEvent
    C#多线程的用法6-线程间的协作Mutex
    C#多线程的用法5-线程间的协作Monitor
    C#多线程的用法4-线程间的协作lock快捷方式
    C#多线程的用法3-线程间的协作Join
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/renly/p/2849900.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知