我在GNU/Linux下使用的桌面环境工具组合

为了使GNU/Linux桌面环境下加载的程序较少以节省内存资源和提高启动时间，我目前并不使用重量级的桌面环境KDE和Gnome，甚至连登录窗界面gdm或xdm都不用，而是直接启动到控制台，登录后调用startx进入X视窗环境。所使用的工具组合列举如下：

• X视窗环境启动：startx
• 窗口管理器：Sawfish
• amixer：系统音量设置
• 键盘与鼠标配置：xmodmap
• 网络管理器：wicd（需删除NetworkManager）
• xscreensaver：屏幕保护程序
• 类似于Windows的底部工具栏：perlpanel
• shutter：截屏工具
• amor：屏幕宠物玩具
• workrave：定时休息、活动提醒工具，用于缓解视疲劳，身体疲劳
• xclock：桌面模拟或数字时钟
• knotes：桌面即时贴

在~/.bashrc中设置音频

首先介绍登录到控制台时，在~/.bashrc中定义的一些环境变量，它们会在启动X Window后，由amixer命令使用，用于系统音量控制。

# Default sound device
export DEFAULT_SOUND=numid=3,iface=MIXER,name="'Master Playback Volume'"
# Max sound for the two channels supported by the sound card
declare -i MAX_SOUND_VOLUME
export MAX_SOUND_VOLUME=65536
# Default sound volume percentage for the two channels when starting X window
declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE
export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40
export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40
# Default sound volume for the two channels when starting X window
declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME
export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100))
export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100))
# Whether play init sound when starting X window
export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1

# Aliases for starting X with or without sound
alias xs="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1; startx"
alias xq="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=0; startx"

针对以上代码解释如下：

1. DEFAULT_SOUND变量包含了指定操作系统ALSA声卡驱动调音器设备的编号与名称。amixer以该值为参数，可以控制相应音频的音量。该设备信息可以在命令行执行amixer contents显示出来，如下所示。可以看出，默认音频设备音量的最小值为0，最大值为65536（2字节），最小调整量为1，当前左、右声道音量值均为17790。

numid=4,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Switch'
  ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1
  : values=on
numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume'
  ; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1
  : values=17790,17790
numid=2,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Switch'
  ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1
  : values=on
numid=1,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Volume'
  ; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1
  : values=28174,28174

2. MAX_SOUND_VOLUME变量存储了最大音量值65536。

3. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE与DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE分别为左、右声道的默认音量百分比，目前设为40%。

4. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME与DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME分别为左、右声道的默认音量整数值。

5. STARTX_INIT_SOUND变量为1时，在调用startx进入X Window时，会自动播放欢迎音乐；为0时则不播放。播放命令在~/.xinitrc中设置。

6. 创建了两个aliases，xs为调用startx时播放欢迎音乐，xq则不播放。

设置~/.xinitrc

在控制台登录后，有了~/.bashrc中的设置，就可以调用xs或xq来启动startx进入X Window视窗环境。启动过程中的相关配置与必要程序加载是在~/.xinitrc中设置的。其内容如下：

# Export ibus environment variables
export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus

# Load NVIDIA configurations
nvidia-settings --load-config-only

# Load keyboard and mouse configurations
xmodmap ~/.xmodmaprc &
# Load X server resources
xrdb ~/.Xresources &

# Load image(s) as desktop wallpaper
# set_wallpaper.sh -r 0 -w 1920 -h 1080 -x 1280 -y 0 $picture/wallpapers/sunflower.jpg &
set_multi_wallpapers.sh -t 300 &
# Set the default sound volume
amixer cset numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume' $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME,$DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME &
# Play welcome sound: Steve Jobs' speech
if [ "$STARTX_INIT_SOUND" = 1 ]; then
    mplayer $music/speech/steve jobs in harvard clip.mp3 < /dev/null > /dev/null &
fi

# Adjust touchpad pressure sensitivity
if [ "$cur_host_name" = "QuantumBoy" ]; then
    synclient PressureMotionMinZ=8
    synclient PressureMotionMaxZ=80
fi

# Start window manager
sawfish --display=:0

针对以上代码解释如下：

1. 导出ibus输入法相关的环境变量。

2. 执行nvidia-settings加载NVIDIA配置。

3. 使用xmodmap加载键盘与鼠标配置，主要是交换Caps Lock与左Control键，交换鼠标左右键。具体内容参见这里。

4. 使用xrdb加载视窗资源文件~/.Xresources，其中针对不同的程序设置X显示参数，设置光标主题。其内容如下：

Xcursor.theme: oxy-green
XClock.Clock.hourColor: red
XClock.Clock.minuteColor: green
XClock.Clock.minorColor: blue
XClock.Clock.majorColor: black

5. 启动set_multi_wallpapers.sh脚本加载动态壁纸，或调用set_wallpaper.sh加载单张壁纸。具体内容参见这里。

6. 使用amixer设置系统默认音量。左右声道的音量值来自环境变量DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME和DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME。

7. 根据环境变量STARTX_INIT_SOUND的值判断是否加播放启动音频。目前，我播放的是乔布斯说的stay hungray、stay foolish那段话。

8. 根据电脑的主机名判断，如果使用的是自己的笔记本电脑ZaReason Ultralap 440的话，则执行synclient命令设置触摸板压力阈值。

9. 最后，启动Sawfish窗口管理器。

Sawfish设置：~/.sawfishrc

Sawfish是一款轻量级的窗口管理器，基于librep库支持使用Lisp语言对其进行配置：包括窗口显示属性，快捷键绑定等。所以，所谓的轻量级实际上是高性能、省资源，但其功能可以通过编程配置得极为强大。下面介绍我在~/.sawfishrc文件对其的配置。其中主要实现的功能有：

1. 将常用程序绑定到指定的快捷上。按下快捷键后，若与其关联的程序未启动，则将其启动并放到前端；若已启动，则将其提升到前端。该功能的实现依赖于jump-or-exec模块。有了这个功能，则无需频繁地使用鼠标在不同的窗口间切换了，非常方便。目前，我绑定的快捷键如下：

• Win+1：命令行终端程序Konsole；
• Win+2：文件管理器Dolphin；
• Win+3：文本编辑器Emacs；
• Win+4：多国语言电子词典Stardict或Goldendict；
• Win+5：网页浏览器Iceweasel，它是Mozilla Firefox在Debian下的名称；
• Win+6：邮件客户端（亦是RSS阅读器、日历、任务管理，类似于微软的Outlook）Icedove，它是Mozilla Thunderbird在Debian下的名称；
• Win+7：办公软件LibreOffice；
• Win+8：图片、照片浏览器Gwenview。该软件比Windows下的图片查看器好很多：可以看GIF动画，亦可以直接看视频；
• Win+9：音频播放器Audacious，播放无损音乐ape、flac的不二之选；
• Win+0：调用tv_nomen.sh脚本程序播放有线电视，参见这里。

以上功能与设置的代码如下。其中的display-close-message函数用于在屏幕上显示已启动程序的名称，给用户以信息反馈，并在指定时间后自动关闭。

;; Load jump-or-exec module
(require 'jump-or-exec)

;; Display a message which can automatically disappear
(defun display-close-message (message seconds &optional attributes)
  "display MESSAGE for SECONDS seconds and make the message disappeared.
The default display-message don't close the message window automatically"
  (interactive)
  (display-message message attributes)
  (make-timer
   (lambda ()
     (display-message)) seconds))

;; KDE terminal konsole
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-1" `(jump-or-exec "^Konsole@"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start KDE terminal..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "konsole &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; Dolphin file manager 
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-2" `(jump-or-exec "Dolphin$"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start Dolphin file manager..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "dolphin &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; Emacs text editor
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-3" `(jump-or-exec "^Emacs@"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start Emacs text editor..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "emacs &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; Stardict
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-4" `(jump-or-exec "^StarDict$"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start Stardict electronic dictionary..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "stardict &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; Iceweasel
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-5" `(jump-or-exec "Iceweasel$"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start Iceweasel web browser..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "iceweasel &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; Icedove
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-6" `(jump-or-exec "(Mozilla Thunderbird)|(Icedove)"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start Icedove mail and news..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "icedove &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; LibreOffice
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-7" `(jump-or-exec "LibreOffice"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start LibreOffice..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "libreoffice &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; Gwenview
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-8" `(jump-or-exec "Gwenview$"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start Gwenview image viewer..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "gwenview &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; Audacious
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-9" `(jump-or-exec "Audacious"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start Audacious music player..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "audacious &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

;; TV
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-0" `(jump-or-exec "MPlayer TV"
				    ,(lambda ()
				       (display-close-message "Start TV..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
				       (system "tv_nomen.sh &"))
				    ,(lambda (wind)
				       (display-window wind))))

2. 在进入X Window时自动加载指定程序，相当于Windows中的自启动项目。目前我加载的程序有：

• ibus输入法；
• 网络管理器wicd-gtk；
• 允许触摸板点击脚本enable_tapbutton.sh（仅在我的ZaReason Ultralap 440笔记本电脑上有效）；
• xscreensaver屏幕保护程序，其中包含了非常酷的屏保特效，我目前使用的是3D骇客帝国；
• 类似于Windows的底部工具栏：perlpanel
• shutter：截屏工具
• amor：屏幕宠物玩具
• workrave：定时休息、活动提醒工具，用于缓解视疲劳，身体疲劳
• xclock：桌面模拟或数字时钟
• knotes：桌面即时贴

相关配置代码如下：

;; Define startup programs
(setq startup-programs
  '(
    ;; Start ibus input method: -x option starts ibus XIM server, -r option
    ;; replaces existing daemon. In addition, the following environment
    ;; variables should be set, otherwise, KDE programs cannot use ibus input
    ;; method.
    ("ibus-daemon" "-xrd")
    ;; Start wicd network manager
    ("wicd-gtk" "-t")
    ;; Enable touchpad tapping
    ("enable_tapbutton.sh")
    ;; Start screensaver
    ("xscreensaver" "-no-splash")
    ;; Start panel
    ("perlpanel")
    ;; Start Shutter for taking snapshots
    ("shutter")
    ;; Start amor toy: white kitty
    ("amor")
    ;; Start xclock
    ("xclock")
    ;; Start knotes
    ("knotes")
    ;; Start workrave
    ("workrave")))

;; Execute startup programs one by one
(mapc (lambda (program)
        (apply start-process (make-process standard-output) program))
      startup-programs)

;; Make sure active processes are killed before sawfish exits
(add-hook 'before-exit-hook
          (lambda ()
            (mapc stop-process (active-processes))))

3. 音量控制：目前音量控制绑定的快捷键如下

• Win+]：运行volume-up-by-ratio，增加音量1%
• Win+[：运行volume-down-by-ratio，减小音量1%
• Win+：运行toggle-volume-mute，在当静音与当前音量间切换

其所关联的Sawfish函数会调用amixer命令来完成指定的操作。具体可以查阅amixer相关帮助。Sawfish代码如下：

;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; System sound volume related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq max-volume (string->number (getenv "MAX_SOUND_VOLUME")))
(setq min-volume 0)
(setq current-left-volume 0)
(setq current-right-volume 0)
(setq left-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq right-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq volume-adjust-ratio-step 0.01)
(setq toggle-mute-flag nil)

;; Get volume for both left and right channels and store them into variables
(defun get-volume()
  "Get the volume string"
  (interactive)
  (let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))
	 (proc (make-process res-stream))
	 (res-str)
	 (res-str-splitted))
    (call-process proc nil "/usr/local/bin/scripts/get_volume.sh")
    (setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))
    (setq res-str-splitted (string-split "," (substring res-str 0 (- (length res-str) 1))))
    (setq current-left-volume (string->number (nth 0 res-str-splitted)))
    (setq current-right-volume (string->number (nth 1 res-str-splitted)))))
(get-volume)

;; Get volume percentage string
(defun get-volume-percentage-str (vol)
  "Get the percentage of the specified volume quantity in string format"
  (interactive)
  (concat (number->string (round (* (/ vol max-volume) 100))) "%"))

;; Set volume by ratio
(defun set-volume-by-ratio (lft-vol rt-vol)
  "Set volume by percentage"
  (interactive)
  (system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string (* max-volume lft-vol)) "," (number->string (* max-volume rt-vol)) " &"))
  (get-volume))

;; Set volume by value
(defun set-volume-by-value (lft-vol rt-vol)
  "Set volume by value"
  (interactive)
  (system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string lft-vol) "," (number->string rt-vol) " &"))
  (get-volume))

;; Increase volume by ratio
(defun volume-up-by-ratio (vol)
  "Increase volume by ratio"
  (interactive)
  (let ((tmp-lft-vol)
	(tmp-rt-vol))
    (get-volume)
    (setq tmp-lft-vol (+ current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))
    (setq tmp-rt-vol (+ current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)))
    ;; Detect if the volume is larger than max-volume
    (if (> tmp-lft-vol max-volume)
	(setq tmp-lft-vol max-volume))
    (if (> tmp-rt-vol max-volume)
	(setq tmp-rt-vol max-volume))
    
    (set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)))

;; Decrease volume by ratio
(defun volume-down-by-ratio (vol)
  "Decrease volume by ratio"
  (interactive)
  (let ((tmp-lft-vol)
	(tmp-rt-vol))
    (get-volume)
    (setq tmp-lft-vol (- current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))
    (setq tmp-rt-vol (- current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)))
    ;; Detect if the volume is smaller than min-volume
    (if (< tmp-lft-vol min-volume)
	(setq tmp-lft-vol min-volume))
    (if (< tmp-rt-vol min-volume)
	(setq tmp-rt-vol min-volume))
    
    (set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)))

;; Mute volume
(defun volume-mute ()
  "Mute system sound"
  (interactive)
  (set-volume-by-value min-volume min-volume))

;; Unmute volume
(defun volume-unmute ()
  "Unmute system sound"
  (interactive)
  (set-volume-by-value left-volume-before-mute right-volume-before-mute))

;; Full volume
(defun volume-max ()
  "Set to max sound volume"
  (interactive)
  (set-volume-by-value max-volume max-volume))

;; Toggle mute
(defun toggle-volume-mute ()
  "Toggle between current sound volume and mute"
  (interactive)
  (get-volume)
  (if (and (= current-left-volume min-volume) (= current-right-volume min-volume))
      (if toggle-mute-flag
	  (progn
	    (volume-unmute)
	    (setq toggle-mute-flag nil)
	    (display-close-message (concat "Sound restored to L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))
    (progn
      (setq left-volume-before-mute current-left-volume)
      (setq right-volume-before-mute current-right-volume)
      (volume-mute)
      (setq toggle-mute-flag t)
      (display-close-message "Mute" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))

;; Increase sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-]" `(progn
			(volume-up-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)
			(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))

;; Decrease sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-[" `(progn
			(volume-down-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)
			(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))

;; Toggle sound mute and unmute
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-\" `(toggle-volume-mute))

以上代码中还用到了自己编写的脚本get_volume.sh用于获取系统当前音量，具体如下：

#!/bin/bash

amixer cget $DEFAULT_SOUND | gawk '{if(match($0, /values=([[:digit:]]+,[[:digit:]]+)/, res) != 0) print res[1];}'

4. 关闭与激活屏幕保护程序：看电影的时候就不要启动屏保了，所以需要这样的功能。绑定的快捷键为Win+p。相关配置如下。

;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; xscreensaver related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq xscreensaver-enabled t)

(defun enable-xscreensaver ()
  "Enable xscreensaver"
  (interactive)
  (system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver -no-splash &")
  (setq xscreensaver-enabled t))

(defun disable-xscreensaver ()
  "Disable xscreensaver"
  (interactive)
  (system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver-command -exit &")
  (setq xscreensaver-enabled nil))

(defun toggle-xscreensaver-activation ()
  "Activate/deactivate xscreensaver"
  (interactive)
  (if xscreensaver-enabled
      (disable-xscreensaver)
    (enable-xscreensaver)))

(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-p" `(progn
			(toggle-xscreensaver-activation)
			(if xscreensaver-enabled
			    (display-close-message "Screensaver enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)
			  (display-close-message "Screensaver disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))

5. 关闭与激活触控板按钮（仅对笔记本电脑有效），快捷键为Win+z。相关配置如下：

;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Touchpad operation
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq tapbutton-enabled t)
;; Toggle tap button function of the touchpad
(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-z" `(progn
			(system "toggle_tapbutton.sh &")
			(setq tapbutton-enabled (not tapbutton-enabled))
			(if tapbutton-enabled
			    (display-close-message "Tap button enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)
			  (display-close-message "Tap button disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))

其中调用了自己编写的脚本程序toggle_tapbutton.sh与enable_tapbutton.sh，其内容分别为：

#!/bin/bash

script_name="toggle_tapbutton.sh"
script_usage=$(cat <<EOF
$script_name
EOF
)
script_function=$(cat <<EOF
This script is used to disable/enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad.
EOF
)
script_doc=$(cat <<EOF
-h     Display this help.
EOF
)
script_examples=$(cat <<EOF
EOF
)
state_prefix="==="
warning_prefix="***"
error_prefix="!!!"

function display_help() {
    if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; then
    echo -e "Usage: $script_usage"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$script_function" ]; then
    echo -e "$script_function"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; then
    echo -e "
$script_doc"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$script_examples" ]; then
    echo -e "
Examples"
    echo -e "$script_examples"
    fi
}

# Process command options
while getopts ":h" opt; do
    case $opt in
    h  )  display_help
        exit 0 ;;
    ? )  display_help
        exit 1 ;;
    esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))

# Start execute the command
if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; then
    tap1=`synclient -l | grep TapButton1 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`
    tap2=`synclient -l | grep TapButton2 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`
    tap3=`synclient -l | grep TapButton3 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`

    if [ "$tap1" = "0" ] && [ "$tap2" = "0" ] && [ "$tap3" = "0" ]; then
    enable_tapbutton.sh
    else
    disable_tapbutton.sh
    fi
    
    exit 0
fi

echo "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"

#!/bin/bash

script_name="enable_tapbutton.sh"
script_usage=$(cat <<EOF
$script_name
EOF
)
script_function=$(cat <<EOF
This script is used to enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad.
EOF
)
script_doc=$(cat <<EOF
-h     Display this help.
EOF
)
script_examples=$(cat <<EOF
EOF
)
state_prefix="==="
warning_prefix="***"
error_prefix="!!!"

function display_help() {
    if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; then
    echo -e "Usage: $script_usage"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$script_function" ]; then
    echo -e "$script_function"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; then
    echo -e "
$script_doc"
    fi
    
    if [ -n "$script_examples" ]; then
    echo -e "
Examples"
    echo -e "$script_examples"
    fi
}

# Process command options
while getopts ":h" opt; do
    case $opt in
    h  )  display_help
        exit 0 ;;
    ? )  display_help
        exit 1 ;;
    esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))

# Start execute the command
if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; then
    synclient TapButton1=3
    synclient TapButton2=1
    synclient TapButton3=2
    echo "$state_prefix Finger tapping on touchpad has been enabled!"

    exit 0
fi

echo "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"

6. 窗口与桌面操作函数与快捷键：其中一些功能是Sawfish自带的，直接在设置对话窗口中绑定即可。

• Win+e：显示当前窗口信息，包括名称、大小、位置、组编号

;; Display window position and dimension
(defun display-window-paras ()
  "Display the position, dimension and group ID of the current window."
  (interactive)
  (let* ((cur-win (input-focus))
	 (win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))
	 (win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))
	 (win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))
	 (win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))))
    (display-message
     (concat "Name: " (window-name cur-win) "
"
	     "Dimension: " (number->string win-width) "x" (number->string win-height) "
"
	     "Position: " (number->string win-x) "x" (number->string win-y) "
"
	     "Group ID: " (number->string (window-actual-group-id cur-win)))
     alert-msg-attrib)))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-e" `(display-window-paras))

• Win+c：将窗口放置于屏幕（Screen）中心。其中调用了current-head-dimension与current-head-offset，所以可以支持多个显示器。

;; Center to screen
(defun center-to-screen (cur-win)
  "Center the current window to the current screen"
  (interactive "%f")
  (let* ((screen-width (car (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))
	 (screen-height (cdr (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))
	 (screen-x (car (current-head-offset cur-win)))
	 (screen-y (cdr (current-head-offset cur-win)))
	 (win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))
	 (win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))
	 (win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))
	 (win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))))
    ;; Adjust x position
    (if (>= win-width screen-width)
	(setq win-x screen-x)
      (setq win-x (round (+ (/ (- screen-width win-width) 2) screen-x))))
    
    ;; Adjust y position
    (if (>= win-height screen-height)
	(setq win-y screen-y)
      (setq win-y (round (+ (/ (- screen-height win-height) 2) screen-y))))

    ;; Modify window position
    (move-window-to cur-win win-x win-y)))

• Win+f：显示与隐藏窗口边框。在一些电影上可以看到黑客用的电脑程序没有窗口边框。

;; Toggle window type between default and unframed
(defun toggle-window-frame (cur-win)
  "Toggle window type between default and unframed"
  (interactive)
  (if (= (window-type cur-win) 'unframed)
      (set-window-type cur-win 'default)
    (set-window-type cur-win 'unframed)))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-f" `(toggle-window-frame (input-focus)))

• Win+Ctrl+1~9：将窗口添加到指定组，这就像是在玩星际编队。

;; Window group related functions
(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-1" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 1)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-2" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 2)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-3" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 3)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-4" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 4)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-5" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 5)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-6" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 6)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-7" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 7)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-8" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 8)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

(bind-keys window-keymap
	   "Super-C-9" `(progn
			  (let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
			  (add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
			  (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 9)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))

• Win+i：最小化窗口

(defun iconify-current-group (cur-win)
  "Iconify current window group"
  (interactive "%f")
  (iconify-group cur-win))

• Win+m：在最大化与窗口当前大小间切换
• Win+Shift+v：将窗口在垂直方向上放大
• Win+Shift+h：将窗口在水平方向上放大
• Win+k：杀掉当前窗口
• Win+t：在窗口提升一层与下降一层间切换
• Win+d：显示桌面
• Win+s：在窗口正常状态与收起状态间切换。所谓的收起即将窗口内容隐藏，只剩下标题栏
• Ctrl+Alt+left, right, up, down：在四个桌面间切换
• Win+left, right, up, down：让当前窗口向不同方向移动直至碰到屏幕边界或另一个窗口的边界
• Win+w：显示所有桌面菜单
• Win+SPC：显示当前窗口菜单
• Win+r：显示Sawfish桌面右键菜单
• Win+a：显示系统应用菜单
• Win+TAB：在窗口间循环
• Win+Ctrl+TAB：在窗口间反向循环
• Win+l：显示窗口列表菜单
• Win+`：执行Sawfish函数
• Ctrl+Alt+r：重启Sawfish
• Ctrl+Alt+q：退出Sawfish

7. 显示笔记本电池信息：调用了acpi命令，快捷键为Win+b，代码如下：

;; Display batter information by calling acpi
(defun display-batter-info ()
  "Display batter information by calling acpi"
  (interactive)
  (let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))
	 (proc (make-process res-stream))
	 (res-str))
    (call-process proc nil "acpi" "-i" "-b")
    (setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))
    (display-message res-str alert-msg-attrib)))

(bind-keys global-keymap
	   "Super-b" `(display-batter-info))

8. 添加窗口hook（before-add-window-hook）对符合匹配条件的窗口赋以特殊属性，如令其不显示在窗口循环列表中、自启动后保持最大化、指定窗口初始大小、将窗口固定显示在桌面某个位置等。需要用到正则表达式模块rep.regexp匹配字符串，以及sawfish.wm.commands.groups和sawfish.wm.frames模块获取窗口属性。相关配置如下：

(require 'rep.regexp)
(require 'sawfish.wm.commands.groups)
(require 'sawfish.wm.frames)

(defun get-wm-window-type (win)
  "Get the _NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE property of a window"
  (interactive)
  (aref (nth 2 (get-x-property win '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE)) 0))

(defun get-wm-property (win prop)
  "Get the x window property of a window"
  (interactive)
  (nth 2 (get-x-property win prop)))

;; Set LibreOffice Impress window property
;; Remove window frame of LibreOffice Impress window when it is in fullscreen
;; presentation.
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
	  (lambda (w)
	    (if (and (string-match "^soffice" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (= (get-wm-window-type w) '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_NORMAL))
		(set-window-type w 'unframed)))
	  t)

;; Set FreeRDP window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
	  (lambda (w)
	    (if (string-match "^FreeRDP" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
		(progn
		  (set-window-type w 'unframed))))
	  t)

;; Set xclock window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
	  (lambda (w)
	    (if (string-match "^xclock$" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
		(progn
		  (mark-window-as-dock w)
		  (window-put w 'task-list-skip t)
		  (set-window-type w 'unframed))))
	  t)

;; Set Audacious window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
	  (lambda (w)
	    (if (string-match "[aA]udacious" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
		(progn
		  (mark-window-as-desktop w)
		  (window-put w 'task-list-skip t))))
	  t)

;; Set Workrave window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
	  (lambda (w)
	    (if (and (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)))
		(progn
		  (mark-window-as-dock w)
		  (window-put w 'task-list-skip t))))
	  t)

;; Set full-window online video window property (played in Iceweasel)
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
	  (lambda (w)
	    (if (string-match "plugin-container" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
		(progn
		  (maximize-window-fullscreen w)))))

;; Set Wesnoth full-window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
	  (lambda (w)
	    (if (string-match "The Battle for Wesnoth" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
		(progn
		  (set-window-type w 'unframed)
		  (move-window-to w 1280 0)))))

总结

由本文介绍可以看出，通过将GNU/Linux下不同的工具组合起来，如startx、Sawfish、xmodmap、amixer等，便可以实现节省系统资源、高效、方便的桌面操作环境。