动词不定式和动名词做主语的区别
不定式:强调具体的、一次性的动作 如:to learn an art is very hard.学习一门艺术很困难.
动名词:强调多次的、抽象的动作 如:working in these conditions is not a pleasure.在这种条件下工作一点也不愉快.
通常用It做形式主语来使句子更加平衡:
It is very hard to learn an art.
It is not a pleasure working in these conditions.
How to do不完整
有时不注意会把How to do,这种类型的短语当做一个完整的句子,动词不定式不能当做谓语,所以这个句子缺乏谓语:
完整的句子应该加上形式主语it和助动词does,变成How does it to do?
something like this
像这样的某个东西,something可以是单数也可以是复数,比如(单数不举例了):
Jobs like this don't come along very often! 像这样的工作并不常有!
Violins like this don't come cheap. 像这样的小提琴不会便宜。
Matters like this are best discussed in private. 这种事情最好在私下讨论。
Beautiful old houses like this one are always in great demand. 像这样美丽的老房子总是有很大需求的
be + adj. + of + n.
这种用法很怪,在综合英语Unit 2课文里看到这么一句:
Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtzi River.
很让人奇怪,为什么不直接typical food,中间要加一个of,就当做固定搭配吧。
常见的还有:
The bottle is full of water.
但是这个用习惯了还真没感觉怪异(没细想full是形容词)。
Legend/tale/story has it that...
这种句式不常见,也是在上面那篇课文中发现的。that后面对故事进行一个描述,但是不用There is a legend that...,要这样表述就显得有些怪。
似乎是对于故事、传言之类的词汇的描述,口语上有这种习惯,所以沿用到了文章中。
参考解答:http://ask.yygrammar.com/app_q-29263.html
OPSHACOM
多个形容词一起用形容一个事物时,形容词之间的顺序:
OP:opinion
SH:shape & size
A:age
C:color
O:origin
M:material
consider doing sth.
不知道是平时从句用多了,还是"主谓宾宾"句型用多了,还以为只能that加宾语从句,别忘了这个非从句的"主谓宾"
I am considering going or not.
论文中的e.g.、i.e.、et al.
e.g. 是拉丁语 exempli gratia 的缩写,意思是"举个例子,比如",等同于for example。
i.e. 是 拉丁语 id est 的缩写,意思是"那就是说、换句话说",等同于that is / in other。
et al.表示多个作者时,表示"等"
be + to do
1) 表示"计划"或"安排"。
This line is to be opened to traffic next week.
2)表示"命令"。一般译为"必须"或"不准"。
No one is to leave the room without permission.
3)表示"可能性"。
Are you to pay the debt for your wife?
4)表示"意图"或"打算"。一般译为"想要"。
If you are to be there on time, you had better hurry.
5)表示"应该"。
You have done so well. You are to be rewarded.
That is not saying a lot.
这说明不了什么。
mean by
意思是...
What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers.
*定语从句关系副词和关系代词
关系代词(which、who、that、whose等)在从句中直接代指先行词,一般是主语、宾语、定语(whose)。
关系副词(where、when、in which等)在从句中表示以先行词的一种方式,一般是从句的状语(时间、地点...),而which是关系副词的介词的宾语。
定语从句中关系代词that不能换为which的情况
1) 当先行词是:all ,any ,anything ,everything ,nothing或被它们修饰时.(all、any可以是代词,查字典)例如:
Is there anything that I can do for you ?
All that can be done must be done .
当然不是全部不定代词,指人的不定代词(someone、anyone等)不能用that,要用who
2)当先行词被形容词的最高级、序数词,或the only ,the very ,the same ,the last 等表示唯一的意思的词修饰时.例如:
That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop .
The first thing that we should do is to get some food .
My necklace is not the only thing that's missing .
3)当主句以who或which开头时,定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或 who .以避免重复.例如:
Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat
4)当先行词在主句中做表语,在从句中做主语时:
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
There's still a room that is free.
5)当先行词既有人又有物时,用that .例如:
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known .
2、3两点对于who来说也一样,人的先行词之前有最高级、序数词等,也要用that做关系代词
定语从句中in which能替换成that甚至省略的情况
先行词是the way等表示方式的词的时候,in which可以替换成that,甚至因为这个that是从句的宾语而可以省略。
I never loved another person the way (that、in which) I love myself.
这句话省略了in,应该是in the way,属于介词省略的语法现象,15点讲
介词省略现象
https://www.cnblogs.com/qizhou/p/12208709.html
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
因为没区分开来,所以导致我写作文时总是乱用,比如:Optimistic attitude which is very important we should possess.
这是错的,应该加逗号,变成Optimistic attitude, which is very important, we should possess.
1、非限定性定语从句用逗号和主句分隔,限定性不用逗号分隔
2、非限定性定语从句关系代词不能是that,只能是who、which。
3、非限定性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明,可以替换别的,而限定性定语从句是有关键性的含义的,的不可随意替换,换了就是别的意思了。
我觉得,难以区分它们的意思很大程度上是因为我们中文翻译过来都是"…的…"的意思,而没有将它们的着重点表达出来。
实际上使用限定性还是非限定性是根据上下文的语境来判断的,不能随意交换。同样,理解的时候也要以不同的着重点去理解这个定语。
there的意义
there在there be、there v.句子里面是代词,表示存在。
there又可以当副词,表示"在那里"。
分隔式定语从句
通常定语从句的先行词和定语从句都是紧挨着的,但是在不引起歧义的情况下,可以把定语从句和先行词分开,叫分隔式定语从句。可以防止主语太长而导致一句话看了一大段还没看到谓语,理解出这句话的意思(就是所谓的头重脚轻)。
He is a student in my school who often helps others.
这里的who明确定语修饰人,所以把修饰school的情况排除了。
类似地,一些后置定语也同样可以被分隔。
具体分隔情况分析:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_c2ab50530101k7jd.html
定语从句变分词定语后置
一般只要是被动的和现在进行中的,就可以转换,可以使句子更加简洁。所以能不用定语从句就不用,而因换做分词后置定语。
原句:...legends which have been handed down from one generation of storytellers to another...
转换:...legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another...
原句:...the Polynesian people who are now living in the Pacific Islands...
转换:...the Polynesian people now living in the Pacific Islands...
分词后置定语也可以加逗号变成非限制性定语
The meeting, attended by over one thousand people, welcomed the Chinese delegation.
help sb. do sth.和help sb. to do sth.的区别
help sb. to do sth.
帮的人做的。
help sb. do sth.
可以是两个人一起做,也可以是帮的人做,或者让被帮的人更加容易做。
情态动词过去时和完成时
过去时:can/could,may/might,must/must + do
完成时:modal(原型) + have done
They may have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.
be + of用法
1)be of 后可接value, importance, use, help, significance, interest, benefit 等一些抽象词,这样的结构用来说明句子主语所具有的作用、重要性或意义,类似形容词。
在这类抽象名词前我们可用一些如: great, little, some, any, no, not much等形容词(如果是形容词的话就只能用副词修饰了,所以能看出of + 抽象名词的益处)来修饰抽象名词,用以说明程度。如:
They are of great help to learners of English.
The book will be of great value to students of history.
2)be of +名词,还可用来说明句子主语在度量,大小,颜色,类别等方面的特征。这类名词有colour, age, size, height, weight, shape, type,kind, quality等。在这类名词前常用different, all, the same, this, that, a(n) + 形容词等词来修饰或说明。如:
Coins may be of different sizes, weights, shapes, and of different metals.
These pens are of many different colours.
谓语have不同助动词do的用法
have作谓语“有”的意思时,可以不加助动词“do”:
Why have we reason to be grateful to insect-eating animals?
Have you a pen?
They have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.
而使用助动词do时:
Why do we have reason to be grateful to insect-eating animals?
Do you have a pen?
They don't have a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.
an amount of和a number of区别
二者都表示一定数量,但是修饰的名词类型不同:
an amount of 修饰不可数
a number of 修饰可是名词
分词作后置定语的约束
过去分词和现在分词作定语可以看做定语从句省略关系代词和从句be动词谓语得到。
而如果定语从句是完成时的,就不能省略了。因为谓语之前还有表示完成的助动词have(has),省略了不能表达完成时的意义,不省略又会导致整个句子的多谓语出现语病。所以要表达时态的定语最好就用定语从句。
另外,是否还有别的特殊表达法还不清楚,需要自己去积累。毕竟语言不是公式,它是人造的,以应用为主。语法是后来才总结的,它不能包罗万象也情有可原。
虚拟语气
Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.(New concept English)
条件状语从句的虚拟语气,从句过去(be动词全都变成were,不是was),主句过去(其实就是现在时加个would)
其它从句的虚拟语气:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94/504985?fr=aladdin#4
省略句
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
省略谓语,一般是前面已经有了,结构类似的,省略一部分使句子更加紧凑易懂,避免重复。
(If we make) One more effort and we shall succeed.
省略条件状语的主谓
定语从句和同位语从句
定于从句的关系代词在从句中是主语或是宾语(重要),而同位语从句that无意义。
关系副词就直接可以分辨了。
then的连接性
有时把then当连词使用,其实并不对,因为它是副词,不能起到and的连接两个完整句子的效果。要用也是and then,否则就要用句号把两个句子分开。
in an effort to
和in order to差不多,都是后接目的谓语。具体差别要靠语感体会。
that引导的状语从句
原因状语从句:(thankful后面的就是that引导的原因状语从句)
She couldn't agree enough with one of the wisest students in her class who wrote that she was thankful that she was 'not' a turkey.
当她看到班里最聪明的一个学生写的作业,她简直不能更赞同了,这个学生在作业中写道,她感恩的是她“不是”火鸡。
目的状语从句:(感觉也是原因状语)
He is working hard that he can catch up with the class.
他努力用功,以便赶上班上同学。
where引导的状语从句
Don't build where the hazards will destroy them. (状语从句)
Don't build in the place where the hazards will destroy them.(定语从句)
可以看出状语从句没有先行词,定语从句有先行词place。实际上,第二句的in the place...这半句充当句子的状语。
形容词做后置定语
形容词不一定做前置定语,有的形容词能后置修饰。如以下的old、long...
The food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old.
a street 3 kilometers long.
as引导的定语从句
He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.
他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。
Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden.
那儿的小客栈总是肮脏不堪,跳蚤滋生。
so that
so that是所以,表结果的意思。有连词的属性,可以连接两个完整的句子。
get的被动语态
get的被动语态与be的被动语态用法一样,但没有be常用,在用be可能有歧义的时候,可以用get明确,如:
The window was broken. 窗户破了。(表被动句或主系表,有歧义)
The window got broken. 窗户被打破了。(表被动)
accustom
使...习惯(被动用法)
因为是被动用法,所以可以用accustomed当做定语后置(不是形容词accustomed),如新概念四中:
For men (who was) accustomed to eating seven-course dinners... (eating动名词是因为to是动词)
used to
1) 做情态动词使用(前面没有be动词),意思是过去常常...,如:
People used to come and visit him every day...
否定时,使用did not used to,表示过去不曾...,如:
Borrowing used not to be recommended...
2)做形容词短语,意思是习惯于...(要加be动词),如(这里的to是介词,所以后面是动名词):
I'm used to having my sleep interrupted...
另外,get used to表示开始习惯于...,如:
You quickly get used to using the brakes.
动词不定式中to和介词to的区别
动词不定式中的to是小品词,表示目的,表示未做将做的事。
介词to表示:于、对于
情态动词
情态动词(should、must)又叫情态助动词(助动词do),不能单独使用,要和动词连在一起使用,显示为句子的时态、情感。
at 2300 miles in length
2300英里长,可以 放在开头作状语。
v+n+adj.
其实就是5大基本句型之一:主+谓+宾+宾补,但是因为中文中不常遇到,所以在读到这类的句子的时候时常会转不过弯,导致读不懂或者感觉是不是它语法错了。如:
I believe him clever. I believe (that) he is clever.
尽管意思都是“我相信他是聪明的”。但是前一句的简练表达就让语感不好的人感觉很怪。又如下面的:
In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.
不定式的否定
Most adolescents think they know all the answers to everything, and they think their elders are stupid not to see things their way.
愚蠢而不能以他们的眼光来看事物
digest、abstract、extract同为摘要、摘抄意思的区别
digest:文摘,将很多好的文章汇总到一起。
abstract:一篇文章的梗概、大意
extract:文章中的某一部分的摘抄
be of some use
有点用
条件状语从句的虚拟语气与用to do的虚拟语气转换
I would have been very pleased if anyone regarded me as a problem.
I would have been very pleased to be regarded me as a problem.
从他人主动的条件状语从句转换成自己被动的to do不定式。可以看出这个转换是有些限制的,因为to do之前的主语只能是主句主语,所以条件状语需要包含主句主语。通过would来判断这是虚拟语气。
实际上很多其它从句也可以转换为to do:
I was astonished when they told me that all the tickets had been sold out.
I was astonished to be told that all the tickets had been sold out.
I expect they will inform me about it tomorrow.
I expect to be informed about it tomorrow.
That's all there is to it
表示之前所说的是想表达的全部
主语+be+adj+that 从句
结果状语从句,相当于so...that...:
He was busy that he even didn't answer his girl friend's phone. 他很忙乃至没接女友电话。
宾语从句:
I’m surprised that he could guess at my age correctly. 我很惊讶他可以正确猜出我的年龄。
Were experts now sure that the animal really was a puma or not? 专家现在是否了确定那只动物就是美洲狮?
ing做伴随状语
She came into the house, carrying a lot of books.
她捧着许多书走进了房间。
定语从句介词提前
从句的谓语介词可以提前到关系代词之前,如:
He is the man whom we have heard about so much. He is the man about whom we have heard so much.
From whom did you receive a letter? Who(m) did you receive a letter from?
关系副词where等可以转换为介词加关系代词,同样的,这个介词也可以后置,如:
The house where I live is beautiful. The house in which I live is beautibul. The house which I live in is beautiful.
而介词后置,关系代词做从句的宾语时,关系代词可以省略:The house I live in is beautiful.(奇怪的知识增加了!)
另外,介词加关系代词如on which, in which,都可以转换为关系副词where.(这就很说得通了,英语的一些条条框框感觉就被打开了,豁然开朗的感觉)
no more than
字面意思:不超过。内含的意思是:仅仅,强调数量之少。
not any more than 意思相同
It was not until...
It was not until the thirteenth stroke that the bell stopped. 直到响了13声,钟声才停止。
until通常表示“直到...”的意思,但是这句话的“until...”表达了一个用在强调句中的时间状语从句,要理解为“在...之前”,类似于before,这样就好理解了。但是,相对于before,until还有一层意思:在...之前干了什么,在那之后立马停止。这是before所没有的。所以对比直译如下:
It was not until the thirteenth stroke that the bell stopped. 在响13声之前,钟没有停,直到第13声立马停了。
It was not before the thirteenth stroke that the bell stopped. 在响13声之前,钟没有停,之后也不知道啥时候停。
参考:http://ask.yygrammar.com/q-30048.html
it + adj. + that从句、so...that...
其中的that是当做连词来连接两个句子