• ES6新特性


    什么是ES6

    ECMAScript6在保证向下兼容的前提下,提供大量新特性,目前浏览器兼容情况如下:

    ES6特性如下:

    1.块级作用域 关键字let, 常量const

    2.对象字面量的属性赋值简写(property value shorthand)

    复制代码
     1 var obj = {
     2 
     3    // __proto__
     4 
     5    __proto__: theProtoObj,
     6 
     7    // Shorthand for ‘handler: handler’
     8 
     9    handler,
    10 
    11    // Method definitions
    12 
    13    toString() {
    14 
    15    // Super calls
    16 
    17    return "d " + super.toString();
    18 
    19    },
    20 
    21    // Computed (dynamic) property names
    22 
    23    [ 'prop_' + (() => 42)() ]: 42
    24 
    25 };
    复制代码

    3.赋值解构

    复制代码
    1 let singer = { first: "Bob", last: "Dylan" };
    2 
    3 let { first: f, last: l } = singer; // 相当于 f = "Bob", l = "Dylan"
    4 
    5 let [all, year, month, day] =  /^(dddd)-(dd)-(dd)$/.exec("2015-10-25");
    6 
    7 let [x, y] = [1, 2, 3]; // x = 1, y = 2
    复制代码

    4.函数参数 - 默认值、参数打包、 数组展开(Default 、Rest 、Spread)

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    //Default
    
    function findArtist(name='lu', age='26') {
    
       ...
    
    }
    
     
    
    //Rest
    
    function f(x, ...y) {
    
     // y is an Array
    
     return x * y.length;
    
    }
    
    f(3, "hello", true) == 6
    
     
    
    //Spread
    
    function f(x, y, z) {
    
     return x + y + z;
    
    }
    
    // Pass each elem of array as argument
    
    f(...[1,2,3]) == 6
    复制代码

    5.箭头函数 Arrow functions

    (1).简化了代码形式,默认return表达式结果。

    (2).自动绑定语义this,即定义函数时的this。如上面例子中,forEach的匿名函数参数中用到的this。

    6.字符串模板 Template strings

    var name = "Bob", time = "today";
    
    `Hello ${name}, how are you ${time}?`
    
    // return "Hello Bob, how are you today?"

    7.Iterators(迭代器)+ for..of

    迭代器有个next方法,调用会返回:

    (1).返回迭代对象的一个元素:{ done: false, value: elem }

    (2).如果已到迭代对象的末端:{ done: true, value: retVal }

    复制代码
    for (var n of ['a','b','c']) {
    
     console.log(n);
    
    }
    
    // 打印a、b、c
    复制代码

    8.生成器 (Generators)

    9.Class

    Class,有constructor、extends、super,但本质上是语法糖(对语言的功能并没有影响,但是更方便程序员使用)。

    复制代码
    class Artist {
    
       constructor(name) {
    
           this.name = name;
    
       }
    
     
    
       perform() {
    
           return this.name + " performs ";
    
       }
    
    }
    
     
    
    class Singer extends Artist {
    
     
    
       constructor(name, song) {
    
           super.constructor(name);
    
           this.song = song;
    
       }
    
     
    
       perform() {
    
           return super.perform() + "[" + this.song + "]";
    
       }
    
    }
    
     
    
    let james = new Singer("Etta James", "At last");
    
    james instanceof Artist; // true
    
    james instanceof Singer; // true
    
     
    
    james.perform(); // "Etta James performs [At last]"
    
    10.Modules
    
    ES6的内置模块功能借鉴了CommonJS和AMD各自的优点:
    
    (1).具有CommonJS的精简语法、唯一导出出口(single exports)和循环依赖(cyclic dependencies)的特点。
    
    (2).类似AMD,支持异步加载和可配置的模块加载。
    
    // lib/math.js
    
    export function sum(x, y) {
    
     return x + y;
    
    }
    
    export var pi = 3.141593;
    
     
    
    // app.js
    
    import * as math from "lib/math";
    
    alert("2π = " + math.sum(math.pi, math.pi));
    
     
    
    // otherApp.js
    
    import {sum, pi} from "lib/math";
    
    alert("2π = " + sum(pi, pi));
    
     
    
    Module Loaders:
    
    // Dynamic loading – ‘System’ is default loader
    
    System.import('lib/math').then(function(m) {
    
     alert("2π = " + m.sum(m.pi, m.pi));
    
    });
    
     
    
    // Directly manipulate module cache
    
    System.get('jquery');
    
    System.set('jquery', Module({$: $})); // WARNING: not yet finalized
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    11.Map + Set + WeakMap + WeakSet

    四种集合类型,WeakMap、WeakSet作为属性键的对象如果没有别的变量在引用它们,则会被回收释放掉。

    复制代码
    // Sets
    
    var s = new Set();
    
    s.add("hello").add("goodbye").add("hello");
    
    s.size === 2;
    
    s.has("hello") === true;
    
     
    
    // Maps
    
    var m = new Map();
    
    m.set("hello", 42);
    
    m.set(s, 34);
    
    m.get(s) == 34;
    
     
    
    //WeakMap
    
    var wm = new WeakMap();
    
    wm.set(s, { extra: 42 });
    
    wm.size === undefined
    
     
    
    // Weak Sets
    
    var ws = new WeakSet();
    
    ws.add({ data: 42 });//Because the added object has no other references, it will not be held in the set
    复制代码

    12.Math + Number + String + Array + Object APIs

    一些新的API

    复制代码
    Number.EPSILON
    
    Number.isInteger(Infinity) // false
    
    Number.isNaN("NaN") // false
    
     
    
    Math.acosh(3) // 1.762747174039086
    
    Math.hypot(3, 4) // 5
    
    Math.imul(Math.pow(2, 32) - 1, Math.pow(2, 32) - 2) // 2
    
     
    
    "abcde".includes("cd") // true
    
    "abc".repeat(3) // "abcabcabc"
    
     
    
    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('*')) // Returns a real Array
    
    Array.of(1, 2, 3) // Similar to new Array(...), but without special one-arg behavior
    
     
    
    [0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1) // [0,7,7]
    
    [1, 2, 3].find(x => x == 3) // 3
    
    [1, 2, 3].findIndex(x => x == 2) // 1
    
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].copyWithin(3, 0) // [1, 2, 3, 1, 2]
    
    ["a", "b", "c"].entries() // iterator [0, "a"], [1,"b"], [2,"c"]
    
    ["a", "b", "c"].keys() // iterator 0, 1, 2
    
    ["a", "b", "c"].values() // iterator "a", "b", "c"
    
     
    
    Object.assign(Point, { origin: new Point(0,0) })
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    13.Proxies

    使用代理(Proxy)监听对象的操作,然后可以做一些相应事情。

    复制代码
    var target = {};
    
    var handler = {
    
     get: function (receiver, name) {
    
       return `Hello, ${name}!`;
    
     }
    
    };
    
     
    
    var p = new Proxy(target, handler);
    
    p.world === 'Hello, world!';
    复制代码

    可监听的操作: get、set、has、deleteProperty、apply、construct、getOwnPropertyDescriptor、defineProperty、getPrototypeOf、setPrototypeOf、enumerate、ownKeys、preventExtensions、isExtensible。

    14.Symbols

    Symbol是一种基本类型。Symbol 通过调用symbol函数产生,它接收一个可选的名字参数,该函数返回的symbol是唯一的。

    var key = Symbol("key");
    
    var key2 = Symbol("key");
    
    key == key2  //false

    15.Promises

    Promises是处理异步操作的对象,使用了 Promise 对象之后可以用一种链式调用的方式来组织代码,让代码更加直观(类似jQuery的deferred 对象)。

    复制代码
    function fakeAjax(url) {
    
     return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
    
       // setTimeouts are for effect, typically we would handle XHR
    
       if (!url) {
    
         return setTimeout(reject, 1000);
    
       }
    
       return setTimeout(resolve, 1000);
    
     });
    
    }
    
     
    
    // no url, promise rejected
    
    fakeAjax().then(function () {
    
     console.log('success');
    
    },function () {
    
     console.log('fail');
    
    });
    复制代码

    总结

    对于ES6,在某些方式是不是重蹈ES4的覆辙,变得复杂了;又或许几年后大家的接受能力变强了,觉得是应该这样了。我觉得还是不错的,因为它们是向下兼容的,即使复杂语法不会用,也能用自己熟知的方式,提供的语法糖也都挺实际。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuqiunile/p/8641355.html
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