HTTP长连接、短连接使用及测试

HTTP长连接、短连接使用及测试

概念

HTTP短连接（非持久连接）是指，客户端和服务端进行一次HTTP请求/响应之后，就关闭连接。所以，下一次的HTTP请求/响应操作就需要重新建立连接。
HTTP长连接（持久连接）是指，客户端和服务端建立一次连接之后，可以在这条连接上进行多次请求/响应操作。持久连接可以设置过期时间，也可以不设置。

我为什么没有说HTTP/1.0 默认短连接，HTTP/1.1起，默认长连接呢？因为我第一次看这个说法的时候，以为自己懂了，其实并没有懂。长短连接操作上有什么区别，有的地方出现的持久连接又是怎么回事？

 

使用设置

这里的设置，我们都以HTTP1.1协议为例子。

设置HTTP短连接

在首部字段中设置Connection:close，则在一次请求/响应之后，就会关闭连接。

设置HTTP长连接，有过期时间

在首部字段中设置Connection:keep-alive 和Keep-Alive: timeout=60，表明连接建立之后，空闲时间超过60秒之后，就会失效。如果在空闲第58秒时，再次使用此连接，则连接仍然有效，使用完之后，重新计数，空闲60秒之后过期。

设置HTTP长连接，无过期时间

在首部字段中只设置Connection:keep-alive，表明连接永久有效。

实现原理

了解怎么设置之后，就开始用起来。然而，问题来了。在请求头中设置Connection:keep-alive，为什么连接空闲一段时间之后，还是断开了呢？这是因为connection字段只有服务端设置才有效。

HTTP操作是请求/响应成对出现的，即先有客户端发出请求，后有服务端处理请求。所以，一次HTTP操作的终点操作在服务端上，关闭也是由服务端发起的。
接下来我们做做测试，以及show code。下面的测试都是使用Spring RestTemplate，封装apache http client进行的。为方便讲解代码，先说明长连接的情况，最后再对其他形式做测试总结。

客户端连接失效时间大于服务端失效时间

如下，为请求日志。客户端设置Connection: Keep-Alive和Keep-Alive: timeout=60， 服务端设置Connection: Keep-Alive和Keep-Alive: timeout=5。

## 客户端设置有效期为60s
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "POST /adx-api/api/creative/upload HTTP/1.1[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Accept: application/json, application/*+json, text/html, application/json, text/javascript[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/31.0.1650.16 Safari/537.36[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Accept-Language: zh-CN[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Connection: keep-alive[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Keep-Alive: timeout=60[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Content-Length: 396[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Host: bizdomain[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "request data"

##服务端设置有效期为5s
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "HTTP/1.1 200 OK[r][n]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Date: Wed, 26 Apr 2017 06:07:58 GMT[r][n]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1[r][n]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Connection: Keep-Alive[r][n]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Transfer-Encoding: chunked[r][n]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "[r][n]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "63[r][n]"
[2017-04-26 14:08:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "response data"

客户端设置的有效期大于服务端的，那么实际连接的有效期呢？三分钟之后再次请求，从连接池中lease连接的时候，提示Connection expired @ Wed Apr 26 14:08:05，即在上一次请求之后的5s失效，说明是服务端的设置生效了。

[2017-04-26 14:11:00 DEBUG] (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection request: [route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 32; total allocated: 1 of 200]
[2017-04-26 14:11:00 DEBUG] (org.apache.http.impl.conn.CPool:?) - Connection [id:2][route:{}->http://bizdomain:80][state:null] expired @ Wed Apr 26 14:08:05 GMT+08:00 2017

源码分析

通过源代码了解一下连接失效时间的设置过程。

//org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec#execute
......

//从连接池中lease connection
final HttpClientConnectionmanagedConn = connRequest.get(timeout > 0 ? timeout : 0, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

......

//将conenction封装在ConnectionHolder中
final ConnectionHolder connHolder = new ConnectionHolder(this.log, this.connManager, managedConn);

......

// The connection is in or can be brought to a re-usable state.
//如果返回值消息头中connection设置为close，则返回false
if (reuseStrategy.keepAlive(response, context)) {
    // Set the idle duration of this connection
    //取出response消息头中，keep-alive的timeout值
    final long duration = keepAliveStrategy.getKeepAliveDuration(response, context);
    if (this.log.isDebugEnabled()) {
        final String s;
        if (duration > 0) {
            s = "for " + duration + " " + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
        } else {
            s = "indefinitely";
        }
        this.log.debug("Connection can be kept alive " + s);
    }
    //设置失效时间
    connHolder.setValidFor(duration, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    connHolder.markReusable();
} else {
    connHolder.markNonReusable();
}

待读取响应之后，释放连接，即：connHolder.releaseConnection()。调用org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager#releaseConnection方法。

    @Override
    public void releaseConnection(final HttpClientConnection managedConn, 
            final Object state,final long keepalive, final TimeUnit tunit) {
        Args.notNull(managedConn, "Managed connection");
        synchronized (managedConn) {
            final CPoolEntry entry = CPoolProxy.detach(managedConn);
            if (entry == null) {
                return;
            }
            final ManagedHttpClientConnection conn = entry.getConnection();
            try {
                if (conn.isOpen()) {
                    final TimeUnit effectiveUnit = tunit != null ? tunit : TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS;
                    entry.setState(state);
                    //设置失效时间
                    entry.updateExpiry(keepalive, effectiveUnit);
                }
            } finally {
            。。。。。。
                }
            }
        }
    }

然后再下一次HTTP操作，从连接池中获取连接时

//org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager#requestConnection调用org.apache.http.pool.AbstractConnPool#lease，
//调用getPoolEntryBlocking,调用org.apache.http.impl.conn.CPoolEntry#isExpired

@Override
public boolean isExpired(final long now) {
    final boolean expired = super.isExpired(now);
    if (expired && this.log.isDebugEnabled()) {
    //日志中看到的内容
        this.log.debug("Connection " + this + " expired @ " + new Date(getExpiry()));
    }
    return expired;
}

综上，连接的实际有效时间，是根据response的设置来决定的。

其他情况测试

• 客户端设置Connection: Close

##connection:close请求，kept alive的连接为0
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection request: [route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 32; total allocated: 0 of 200]
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 32; total allocated: 1 of 200]
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec:?) - Opening connection {}->http://bizdomain:80
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultHttpClientConnectionOperator:?) - Connecting to bizdomain/127.0.0.195:80
## 建立新连接
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultHttpClientConnectionOperator:?) - Connection established 127.0.0.191:49239<->127.0.0.195:80
## 客户端设置短连接
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Connection: Close[
][
]"
## 服务端返回的也是短连接
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Connection: close[r][n]"

##请求完之后，关闭连接
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.DefaultManagedHttpClientConnection:?) - http-outgoing-0: Close connection
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec:?) - Connection discarded
[2017-04-26 13:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 32; total allocated: 0 of 200]

如上，当服务端返回Connection: Close时，客户端接收完响应，便会关闭连接。

• 客户端设置60s超时，服务端设置5s超时

##Keep-Alive: timeout=60 第一次请求,与connection:close无差别
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection request: [route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 0 of 32; total allocated: 0 of 200]
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection leased: [id: 0][route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 0; route allocated: 1 of 32; total allocated: 1 of 200]
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec:?) - Opening connection {}->http://bizdomain:80
## 客户端设置超时时间60s
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Connection: keep-alive[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Keep-Alive: timeout=60[
][
]"
## 服务端设置超时时间5s
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Connection: Keep-Alive[r][n]"
## 服务端设置生效，连接可以保持5s
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec:?) - Connection can be kept alive for 5000 MILLISECONDS
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection [id: 0][route: {}->http://bizdomain:80] can be kept alive for 5.0 seconds
[2017-04-26 10:57:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection released: [id: 0][route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 32; total allocated: 1 of 200]

##Keep-Alive: timeout=60 非第一次请求
[2017-04-26 14:11:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager:?) - Connection request: [route: {}->http://bizdomain:80][total kept alive: 1; route allocated: 1 of 32; total allocated: 1 of 200]
## 连接在上一次请求结束后5s失效
[2017-04-26 14:11:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.conn.CPool:?) - Connection [id:2][route:{}->http://bizdomain:80][state:null] expired @ Wed Apr 26 14:10:05 GMT+08:00 2017

• 客户端设置失效时间，服务端设置不失效

## 客户端设置30s超时
[2017-04-26 17:45:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Connection: keep-alive[
][
]"
[2017-04-26 17:45:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 >> "Keep-Alive: timeout=30[
][
]"
## 服务端设置永久连接
[2017-04-26 17:45:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.wire:?) - http-outgoing-0 << "Connection: keep-alive[r][n]"
## 连接将一直保持
[2017-04-26 17:45:00 DEBUG]  (org.apache.http.impl.execchain.MainClientExec:?) - Connection can be kept alive indefinitely

综上，http连接保持时间是由服务端的消息头connection字段和keep-alive字段定的。

在上面前两种情况，请求的是同一个服务端，那么为什么一个返回的是短连接，一个返回的是长连接呢？这里转一下 这篇文章的解释：

不论request还是response的header中包含了值为close的connection，都表明当前正在使用的tcp链接在请求处理完毕后会被断掉。以后client再进行新的请求时就必须创建新的tcp链接了。 HTTP Connection的 close设置允许客户端或服务器中任何一方关闭底层的连接，双方都会要求在处理请求后关闭它们的TCP连接。

补充

• TCP长短连接
  在网上搜资料的时候，看到很多“HTTP协议的长连接和短连接，实质上是TCP协议的长连接和短连接”。 HTTP和TCP是不同两层的东西，它们怎么会是一样的呢？HTTP是请求/响应模式的，就是说我们发一个请求一定要有一个回应。最直观的就是，浏览器上发请求，得不到响应就会一直转圈圈。 而TCP并不是一定要有响应。大家以前使用socket模拟一个IM聊天，A跟B打完招呼，完全可以不用等待B的回应，就自己关掉连接的。

• TCP keep-alive
  另外还有HTTP协议的keep-alive和TCP的keep-alive含义是有差别的。HTTP的keep-alive是为了维持连接，以便复用连接。通过使用keep-alive机制，可以减少tcp连接建立次数，也意味着可以减少TIME_WAIT状态连接，以此提高性能和提高httpd服务器的吞吐率(更少的tcp连接意味着更少的系统内核调用,socket的accept()和close()调用)。但是，长时间的tcp连接容易导致系统资源无效占用。配置不当的keep-alive，有时比重复利用连接带来的损失还更大。

而tcp keep-alive是TCP的一种检测TCP连接状况的机制，涉及到三个参数tcp_keepalive_time, tcp_keepalive_intvl, tcp_keepalive_probes。
当网络两端建立了TCP连接之后，闲置（双方没有任何数据流往来）了tcp_keepalive_time后，服务器内核就会尝试向客户端发送侦测包，来判断TCP连接状况(有可能客户端崩溃、强制关闭了应用、主机不可达等等)。如果没有收到对方的回答(ack包)，则会在 tcp_keepalive_intvl后再次尝试发送侦测包，直到收到对方的ack。如果一直没有收到对方的ack,一共会尝试 tcp_keepalive_probes次。如果尝试tcp_keepalive_probes,依然没有收到对方的ack包，则会丢弃该TCP连接。TCP连接默认闲置时间是2小时，一般设置为30分钟足够了。参考这里。

 

引自：https://www.cnblogs.com/shoren/p/http-connection.html