• 图解 SQL 里的各种 JOIN


    约定

    下文将使用两个数据库表 Table_A 和 Table_B 来进行示例讲解,其结构与数据分别如下:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM Table_A ORDER BY PK ASC;
    +----+---------+
    | PK | Value   |
    +----+---------+
    |  1 | both ab |
    |  2 | only a  |
    +----+---------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> SELECT * from Table_B ORDER BY PK ASC;
    +----+---------+
    | PK | Value   |
    +----+---------+
    |  1 | both ab |
    |  3 | only b  |
    +----+---------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    其中 PK 为 1 的记录在 Table_A 和 Table_B 中都有,2 为 Table_A 特有,3 为 Table_B 特有。

    常用的 JOIN

    INNER JOIN

    INNER JOIN 一般被译作内连接。内连接查询能将左表(表 A)和右表(表 B)中能关联起来的数据连接后返回。

    文氏图:

    INNER JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    INNER JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK;
    

    查询结果:

    +------+------+---------+---------+
    | A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    |    1 |    1 | both ab | both ab |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

    注:其中 A 为 Table_A 的别名,B 为 Table_B 的别名,下同。

    LEFT JOIN

    LEFT JOIN 一般被译作左连接,也写作 LEFT OUTER JOIN。左连接查询会返回左表(表 A)中所有记录,不管右表(表 B)中有没有关联的数据。在右表中找到的关联数据列也会被一起返回。

    文氏图:

    LEFT JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    LEFT JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK;
    

    查询结果:

    +------+------+---------+---------+
    | A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    |    1 |    1 | both ab | both ba |
    |    2 | NULL | only a  | NULL    |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    RIGHT JOIN

    RIGHT JOIN 一般被译作右连接,也写作 RIGHT OUTER JOIN。右连接查询会返回右表(表 B)中所有记录,不管左表(表 A)中有没有关联的数据。在左表中找到的关联数据列也会被一起返回。

    文氏图:

    RIGHT JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK;
    

    查询结果:

    +------+------+---------+---------+
    | A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    |    1 |    1 | both ab | both ba |
    | NULL |    3 | NULL    | only b  |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    FULL OUTER JOIN

    FULL OUTER JOIN 一般被译作外连接、全连接,实际查询语句中可以写作 FULL OUTER JOIN 或 FULL JOIN。外连接查询能返回左右表里的所有记录,其中左右表里能关联起来的记录被连接后返回。

    文氏图:

    FULL OUTER JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK;
    

    查询结果:

    ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK' at line 4
    

    注:我当前示例使用的 MySQL 不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN

    应当返回的结果(使用 UNION 模拟):

    mysql> SELECT * 
        -> FROM Table_A
        -> LEFT JOIN Table_B 
        -> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK
        -> UNION ALL
        -> SELECT *
        -> FROM Table_A
        -> RIGHT JOIN Table_B 
        -> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK
        -> WHERE Table_A.PK IS NULL;
    +------+---------+------+---------+
    | PK   | Value   | PK   | Value   |
    +------+---------+------+---------+
    |    1 | both ab |    1 | both ba |
    |    2 | only a  | NULL | NULL    |
    | NULL | NULL    |    3 | only b  |
    +------+---------+------+---------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    小结

    以上四种,就是 SQL 里常见 JOIN 的种类和概念了,看一下它们的合影:

    有没有感觉少了些什么,学数学集合时完全不止这几种情况?确实如此,继续看。

    延伸用法

    LEFT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

    返回左表有但右表没有关联数据的记录集。

    文氏图:

    LEFT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    LEFT JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK
    WHERE B.PK IS NULL;
    

    查询结果:

    +------+------+---------+---------+
    | A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    |    2 | NULL | only a  | NULL    |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    

    RIGHT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

    返回右表有但左表没有关联数据的记录集。

    文氏图:

    RIGHT JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    RIGHT JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK
    WHERE A.PK IS NULL;
    

    查询结果:

    +------+------+---------+---------+
    | A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    | NULL |    3 | NULL    | only b  |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

    FULL OUTER JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

    返回左表和右表里没有相互关联的记录集。

    文氏图:

    FULL OUTER JOIN EXCLUDING INNER JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK
    WHERE A.PK IS NULL
    OR B.PK IS NULL;
    

    因为使用到了 FULL OUTER JOIN,MySQL 在执行该查询时再次报错。

    ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'FULL OUTER JOIN Table_B B
    ON A.PK = B.PK
    WHERE A.PK IS NULL
    OR B.PK IS NULL' at line 4
    

    应当返回的结果(用 UNION 模拟):

    mysql> SELECT * 
        -> FROM Table_A
        -> LEFT JOIN Table_B
        -> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK
        -> WHERE Table_B.PK IS NULL
        -> UNION ALL
        -> SELECT *
        -> FROM Table_A
        -> RIGHT JOIN Table_B
        -> ON Table_A.PK = Table_B.PK
        -> WHERE Table_A.PK IS NULL;
    +------+--------+------+--------+
    | PK   | Value  | PK   | Value  |
    +------+--------+------+--------+
    |    2 | only a | NULL | NULL   |
    | NULL | NULL   |    3 | only b |
    +------+--------+------+--------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    总结

    以上七种用法基本上可以覆盖各种 JOIN 查询了。七种用法的全家福:

    SQL JOINS

    看着它们,我仿佛回到了当年学数学,求交集并集的时代……

    顺带张贴一下 C.L. Moffatt 带 SQL 语句的图片,配合学习,风味更佳:

    SQL JOINS

    更新:更多的 JOIN

    除以上几种外,还有更多的 JOIN 用法,比如 CROSS JOIN(迪卡尔集)、SELF JOIN,可以参考 SQL JOINS Slide Presentation 学习。

    CROSS JOIN

    返回左表与右表之间符合条件的记录的迪卡尔集。

    图示:

    CORSS JOIN

    示例查询:

    SELECT A.PK AS A_PK, B.PK AS B_PK,
           A.Value AS A_Value, B.Value AS B_Value
    FROM Table_A A
    CROSS JOIN Table_B B;
    

    查询结果:

    +------+------+---------+---------+
    | A_PK | B_PK | A_Value | B_Value |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    |    1 |    1 | both ab | both ba |
    |    2 |    1 | only a  | both ba |
    |    1 |    3 | both ab | only b  |
    |    2 |    3 | only a  | only b  |
    +------+------+---------+---------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    上面讲过的几种 JOIN 查询的结果都可以用 CROSS JOIN 加条件模拟出来,比如 INNER JOIN 对应 CROSS JOIN ... WHERE A.PK = B.PK

    SELF JOIN

    返回表与自己连接后符合条件的记录,一般用在表里有一个字段是用主键作为外键的情况。

    比如 Table_C 的结构与数据如下:

    +--------+----------+-------------+
    | EMP_ID | EMP_NAME | EMP_SUPV_ID |
    +--------+----------+-------------+
    |   1001 | Ma       |        NULL |
    |   1002 | Zhuang   |        1001 |
    +--------+----------+-------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    EMP_ID 字段表示员工 ID,EMP_NAME 字段表示员工姓名,EMP_SUPV_ID 表示主管 ID。

    示例查询:

    现在我们想查询所有有主管的员工及其对应的主管 ID 和姓名,就可以用 SELF JOIN 来实现。

    SELECT A.EMP_ID AS EMP_ID, A.EMP_NAME AS EMP_NAME, 
        B.EMP_ID AS EMP_SUPV_ID, B.EMP_NAME AS EMP_SUPV_NAME
    FROM Table_C A, Table_C B
    WHERE A.EMP_SUPV_ID = B.EMP_ID;
    

    查询结果:

    +--------+----------+-------------+---------------+
    | EMP_ID | EMP_NAME | EMP_SUPV_ID | EMP_SUPV_NAME |
    +--------+----------+-------------+---------------+
    |   1002 | Zhuang   |        1001 | Ma            |
    +--------+----------+-------------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

    补充说明

    1. 文中的图使用 Keynote 绘制;

    2. 个人的体会是 SQL 里的 JOIN 查询与数学里的求交集、并集等很像;

    3. SQLite 不支持 RIGHT JOIN 和 FULL OUTER JOIN,可以使用 LEFT JOIN 和 UNION 来达到相同的效果;

    4. MySQL 不支持 FULL OUTER JOIN,可以使用 LEFT JOIN 和 UNION 来达到相同的效果;

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/qinweizhi/p/10697594.html
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