一、安装和使用
fake_useragent第三方库,来实现随机请求头的设置;
GitHub ---> https://github.com/hellysmile/fake-useragent
安装 ---> pip3 install fake-useragent
查看useragent ---> http://fake-useragent.herokuapp.com/browsers/0.1.5
关键是后面的版本号,如果更新后使用原版本号就查看不到useragent;
如何操作最新版本号?通过pip3 list 查看安装的版本号;
使用
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
ua = UserAgent()
print(ua.ie) #随机打印ie浏览器任意版本
print(ua.firefox) #随机打印firefox浏览器任意版本
print(ua.chrome) #随机打印chrome浏览器任意版本
print(ua.random) #随机打印任意厂家的浏览器
二、应用于scrapy爬虫项目
首先在middlewares.py中自定义随机请求头的类
根据scrapy源码中: scrapy目录--->downloadermiddlewares--->useragent.py 中的 UserAgentMiddleware类来写middlewares.py随机请求头的类
源码中useragent.py
"""Set User-Agent header per spider or use a default value from settings"""
from scrapy import signals
class UserAgentMiddleware(object):
"""This middleware allows spiders to override the user_agent"""
def __init__(self, user_agent='Scrapy'):
self.user_agent = user_agent
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
o = cls(crawler.settings['USER_AGENT'])
crawler.signals.connect(o.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
return o
def spider_opened(self, spider):
self.user_agent = getattr(spider, 'user_agent', self.user_agent)
def process_request(self, request, spider):
if self.user_agent:
request.headers.setdefault(b'User-Agent', self.user_agent)
middlewares.py定义随机请求头的类
class RandomUserAgentMiddlware(object):
'''随机更换user-agent,基本上都是固定格式和scrapy源码中useragetn.py中UserAgentMiddleware类中一致'''
def __init__(self,crawler):
super(RandomUserAgentMiddlware,self).__init__()
self.ua = UserAgent()
#从配置文件settings中读取RANDOM_UA_TYPE值,默认为random,可以在settings中自定义
self.ua_type = crawler.settings.get("RANDOM_UA_TYPE","random")
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls,crawler):
return cls(crawler)
def process_request(self,request,spider):#必须和内置的一致,这里必须这样写
def get_ua():
return getattr(self.ua,self.ua_type)
request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent',get_ua())
settings里面的配置
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'ArticleSpider.middlewares.RandomUserAgentMiddlware': 543, #将在middlewares.py中定义了RandomUserAgentMiddlware类添加到这里;
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware':None, #需要将scrapy默认的置为None不调用
}
RANDOM_UA_TYPE = "random" #或者指定浏览器 firefox、chrome...
PS:配置好后取消原来spider中定义的User-Agent。再次进行爬虫时,会自动携带随机生成的User-Agent,不需要在每个spider中自定义了;