• python urllib模块

    1.urllib.urlopen(url[,data[,proxies]])

    urllib.urlopen(url[, data[, proxies]]) :创建一个表示远程url的类文件对象，然后像本地文件一样操作这个类文件对象来获取远程数据。
    参数url表示远程数据的路径，一般是网址；
    参数data表示以post方式提交到url的数据(玩过web的人应该知道提交数据的两种方式：post与get。如果你不清楚，也不必太在意，一般情况下很少用到这个参数)；
    参数proxies用于设置代理。

    打开一个url的方法，返回一个文件对象，然后可以进行类似文件对象的操作。本例试着打开baidu

    1 #coding:UTF8
2 
3 import urllib
4 response = urllib.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")
5 f = response.readline() #读取html第一行
6 print f
    代码

    返回结果

    <!DOCTYPE html>

    urlopen返回对象提供方法：

    -         read() , readline() ,readlines() , fileno() , close() ：这些方法的使用方式与文件对象完全一样

    -         info()：返回一个httplib.HTTPMessage对象，表示远程服务器返回的头信息

    -         getcode()：返回Http状态码。如果是http请求，200请求成功完成;404网址未找到

    -         geturl()：返回请求的url

    2.urllib.urlretrieve(url[,filename[,reporthook[,data]]])

    urlretrieve方法将url定位到的html文件下载到你本地的硬盘中。如果不指定filename，则会存为临时文件。

    urlretrieve()返回一个二元组(filename,mine_hdrs)

    1 #coding:UTF8
2 
3 import urllib
4 response = urllib.urlretrieve("http://www.baidu.com")
5 print type(response)
6 print response[0]
7 print response[1]
    临时存放 代码
     1 <type 'tuple'>
 2 '/tmp/tmp8eVLjq'
 3 Date: Fri, 17 Feb 2017 02:44:05 GMT
 4 Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
 5 Connection: Close
 6 Vary: Accept-Encoding
 7 Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=2B910536110C34E39F7A5D0F0BB0AB8F:FG=1; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
 8 Set-Cookie: BIDUPSID=2B910536110C34E39F7A5D0F0BB0AB8F; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
 9 Set-Cookie: PSTM=1487299445; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
10 Set-Cookie: BDSVRTM=0; path=/
11 Set-Cookie: BD_HOME=0; path=/
12 Set-Cookie: H_PS_PSSID=22104_1420_21124_17001_22035; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
13 P3P: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
14 Cache-Control: private
15 Cxy_all: baidu+90e29a03609778c29a3b33c9fc46b4a8
16 Expires: Fri, 17 Feb 2017 02:43:31 GMT
17 X-Powered-By: HPHP
18 Server: BWS/1.1
19 X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1
20 BDPAGETYPE: 1
21 BDQID: 0xdff2399600011aec
22 BDUSERID: 0
    返回结果
    1 #coding:UTF8
2 
3 import urllib
4 response = urllib.urlretrieve("http://www.baidu.com",filename='E:google.html')
5 print type(response)
6 print response[0]
7 print response[1]
    本地存放 代码
     1 <type 'tuple'>
 2 E:google.html
 3 Date: Fri, 17 Feb 2017 02:48:06 GMT
 4 Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
 5 Connection: Close
 6 Vary: Accept-Encoding
 7 Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=3DFE41A42CB005F34AE8BDEF4659A56D:FG=1; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
 8 Set-Cookie: BIDUPSID=3DFE41A42CB005F34AE8BDEF4659A56D; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
 9 Set-Cookie: PSTM=1487299686; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
10 Set-Cookie: BDSVRTM=0; path=/
11 Set-Cookie: BD_HOME=0; path=/
12 Set-Cookie: H_PS_PSSID=1457_21112_18559_22036; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
13 P3P: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
14 Cache-Control: private
15 Cxy_all: baidu+871f7c77ae8fbab47caa28ffbda301bf
16 Expires: Fri, 17 Feb 2017 02:47:14 GMT
17 X-Powered-By: HPHP
18 Server: BWS/1.1
19 X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1
20 BDPAGETYPE: 1
21 BDQID: 0xc583a986000127e2
22 BDUSERID: 0
    返回结果

    3.urllib.urlcleanup()

    清除由于urllib.urlretrieve()所产生的缓存

    4.urllib.quote(url)和urllib.quote_plus(url)

    将url数据获取之后，并将其编码，从而适用与URL字符串中，使其能被打印和被web服务器接受。

    1 #coding:UTF8
2 
3 import urllib
4 response = urllib.quote("http://www.baidu.com")
5 res = urllib.quote_plus('http://www.baidu.com')
6 
7 print response
8 print res
    代码
    1 http%3A//www.baidu.com
2 http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com
    返回结果

    5.urllib.unquote(url)和urllib.unquote_plus(url)

    与4的函数相反。

    6.urllib.urlencode(query)

    将URL中的键值对以连接符&划分

    这里可以与urlopen结合以实现post方法和get方法：

    GET方法：

    1 #coding:UTF8
2 
3 import urllib
4 response = urllib.urlencode({'orange':1,'apple':2,'eggs':3})
5 res = urllib.urlopen("http://python.org/query?%s" % response)
6 
7 print response
8 print res.read()
    代码
      1 orange=1&eggs=3&apple=2
  2 <!doctype html>
  3 <!--[if lt IE 7]>   <html class="no-js ie6 lt-ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9">   <![endif]-->
  4 <!--[if IE 7]>      <html class="no-js ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9">          <![endif]-->
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  7 
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 45 
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 51     <title>Welcome to Python.org</title>
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 53     <meta name="description" content="The official home of the Python Programming Language">
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 55 
 56     
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 59     <meta property="og:title" content="Welcome to Python.org">
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383     <li id="news" class="tier-1 element-6  " aria-haspopup="true">
384         <a href="/blogs/" title="News from around the Python world" class="">News</a>
385         
386             
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389     
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393     
394         <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="http://pyfound.blogspot.com/" title="PSF Blog">PSF News</a></li>
395     
396         <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="http://pycon.blogspot.com/" title="PyCon Blog">PyCon News</a></li>
397     
398 </ul>
399 
400         
401     </li>
402     
403     
404     
405     <li id="events" class="tier-1 element-7  " aria-haspopup="true">
406         <a href="/events/" title="" class="">Events</a>
407         
408             
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419     
420         <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEventsCalendar#Submitting_an_Event" title="">Submit an Event</a></li>
421     
422 </ul>
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427     
428     
429     
430   
431 </ul>
432 
433                     
434                 </nav>
435 
436                 <div class="header-banner "> <!-- for optional "do-not-print" class -->
437                     
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440 
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445         </header>
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448             <!-- Main Content Column -->
449             <div class="container">
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452 
453                     
454                     
455 
456                     
457 
458                     
459     
460     <article class="text">
461             
462         <h1 class="giga">Error 404: File not Found</h1>
463         
464         <p>We couldn&rsquo;t find what you were looking for. This error has been reported and we will look into it shortly. For now,</p>
465 
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467             <li>Try using the search box.</li>
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469                 Python.org went through a redesign and you may have followed a broken link.
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482 
483                 </section>
484 
485                 
486                 
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489                 
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493         </div><!-- end #content .content-wrapper -->
494 
495         <!-- Footer and social media list -->
496         <footer id="site-map" class="main-footer" role="contentinfo">
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498                 <div class="container">
499 
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502 
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550 </ul>
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607     
608 </ul>
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611     </li>
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619     
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623     
624         <li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/success/#education" title="">Education</a></li>
625     
626         <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/success/#engineering" title="">Engineering</a></li>
627     
628         <li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/success/#government" title="">Government</a></li>
629     
630         <li class="tier-2 element-6" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/success/#scientific" title="">Scientific</a></li>
631     
632         <li class="tier-2 element-7" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/success/#software-development" title="">Software Development</a></li>
633     
634 </ul>
635 
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637     </li>
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640         <a href="/blogs/" title="News from around the Python world">News</a>
641         
642             
643 
644 <ul class="subnav menu">
645     
646         <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/blogs/" title="Python Insider Blog Posts">Python News</a></li>
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649     
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651     
652         <li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="http://pycon.blogspot.com/" title="PyCon Blog">PyCon News</a></li>
653     
654 </ul>
655 
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657     </li>
658     
659     <li class="tier-1 element-7">
660         <a href="/events/" >Events</a>
661         
662             
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664 <ul class="subnav menu">
665     
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675     
676 </ul>
677 
678         
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682         <a href="/dev/" >Contributing</a>
683         
684             
685 
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687     
688         <li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="http://docs.python.org/devguide/" title="">Developer&#39;s Guide</a></li>
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695     
696 </ul>
697 
698         
699     </li>
700     
701 </ul>
702 
703 
704                     <a id="back-to-top-2" class="jump-link" href="#python-network"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-up"><span>&#9650;</span></span> Back to Top</a>
705                     
706 
707                 </div><!-- end .container -->
708             </div> <!-- end .main-footer-links -->
709 
710             <div class="site-base">
711                 <div class="container">
712                     
713                     <ul class="footer-links navigation menu do-not-print" role="tree">
714                         <li class="tier-1 element-1"><a href="/about/help/">Help &amp; <span class="say-no-more">General</span> Contact</a></li>
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732             </div><!-- end .site-base -->
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735 
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    返回结果

    POST方法：

    1 #coding:UTF8
2 
3 import urllib
4 response = urllib.urlencode({'orange':1,'apple':2,'eggs':3})
5 res = urllib.urlopen("http://python.org/query",response)
6 
7 print response
8 print res.read()
    代码
      1 orange=1&eggs=3&apple=2
  2 <!doctype html>
  3 <!--[if lt IE 7]>   <html class="no-js ie6 lt-ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9">   <![endif]-->
  4 <!--[if IE 7]>      <html class="no-js ie7 lt-ie8 lt-ie9">          <![endif]-->
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 10     <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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 29     <link href="/static/stylesheets/mq.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="not print, braille, embossed, speech, tty" />
 30     
 31 
 32     <!--[if (lte IE 8)&(!IEMobile)]>
 33     <link href="/static/stylesheets/no-mq.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" />
 34     
 35     
 36     <![endif]-->
 37 
 38     
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 40     <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-144x144-precomposed.png">
 41     <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png">
 42     <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png">
 43     <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png">
 44     <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png">
 45 
 46     
 47     <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static/metro-icon-144x144-precomposed.png"><!-- white shape -->
 48     <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#3673a5"><!-- python blue -->
 49     <meta name="msapplication-navbutton-color" content="#3673a5">
 50 
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 53     <meta name="description" content="The official home of the Python Programming Language">
 54     <meta name="keywords" content="Python programming language object oriented web free open source software license documentation download community">
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 56     
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 58     <meta property="og:site_name" content="Python.org">
 59     <meta property="og:title" content="Welcome to Python.org">
 60     <meta property="og:description" content="The official home of the Python Programming Language">
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 63     <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.python.org/static/opengraph-icon-200x200.png">
 64     
 65     <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.python.org/query">
 66 
 67     <link rel="author" href="/static/humans.txt">
 68 
 69     
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 71     
 72     <script type="application/ld+json">
 73      {
 74        "@context": "http://schema.org",
 75        "@type": "WebSite",
 76        "url": "https://www.python.org/",
 77        "potentialAction": {
 78          "@type": "SearchAction",
 79          "target": "https://www.python.org/search/?q={search_term_string}",
 80          "query-input": "required name=search_term_string"
 81        }
 82      }
 83     </script>
 84 
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 86     <script type="text/javascript">
 87     var _gaq = _gaq || [];
 88     _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-39055973-1']);
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100 <body class="python default-page fourohfour">
101 
102     <div id="touchnav-wrapper">
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105             <p><strong>Notice:</strong> While Javascript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn Javascript on for the full experience. </p>
106         </div>
107 
108         <!--[if lt IE 8]>
109         <div id="oldie-warning" class="do-not-print">
110             <p><strong>Notice:</strong> Your browser is <em>ancient</em> and <a href="http://www.ie6countdown.com/">Microsoft agrees</a>. <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">Upgrade to a different browser</a> or <a href="http://www.google.com/chromeframe/?redirect=true">install Google Chrome Frame</a> to experience a better web.</p>
111         </div>
112         <![endif]-->
113 
114         <!-- Sister Site Links -->
115         <div id="top" class="top-bar do-not-print">
116 
117             <nav class="meta-navigation container" role="navigation">
118 
119                 
120                 <div class="skip-link screen-reader-text">
121                     <a href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a>
122                 </div>
123 
124                 
125                 <a id="close-python-network" class="jump-link" href="#python-network" aria-hidden="true">
126                     <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-down"><span>&#9660;</span></span> Close
127                 </a>
128 
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132     
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139     </li>
140     
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142         <a href="https://docs.python.org" title="Python Documentation" >Docs</a>
143     </li>
144     
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146         <a href="https://pypi.python.org/" title="Python Package Index" >PyPI</a>
147     </li>
148     
149     <li class="jobs-meta ">
150         <a href="/jobs/" title="Python Job Board" >Jobs</a>
151     </li>
152     
153     <li class="shop-meta ">
154         <a href="/community/" title="Python Community" >Community</a>
155     </li>
156     
157 </ul>
158 
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160                 <a id="python-network" class="jump-link" href="#top" aria-hidden="true">
161                     <span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-arrow-up"><span>&#9650;</span></span> The Python Network
162                 </a>
163 
164             </nav>
165 
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167 
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170             <div class="container">
171 
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173                     <a href="/"><img class="python-logo" src="/static/img/python-logo.png" alt="python&trade;"></a>
174                 </h1>
175 
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177 
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179                     <a id="site-map-link" class="jump-to-menu" href="#site-map"><span class="menu-icon">&equiv;</span> Menu</a><form class="search-the-site" action="/search/" method="get">
180                         <fieldset title="Search Python.org">
181 
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183 
184                             <label class="screen-reader-text" for="id-search-field">Search This Site</label>
185                             <input id="id-search-field" name="q" type="search" role="textbox" class="search-field" placeholder="Search" value="" tabindex="1">
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188                                 GO
189                             </button>
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192                             <!--[if IE]><input type="text" style="display: none;" disabled="disabled" size="1" tabindex="4"><![endif]-->
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752 
753     <!--[if lte IE 8]>
754     <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/plugins/getComputedStyle-min.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
755     
756     
757     <![endif]-->
758 
759     
760 
761     
762     
763 
764 </body>
765 </html>
    返回结果
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  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/qianyuliang/p/6408896.html
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