1.对极几何
从2张图片中,得到若干个配对好的2d特征点,就可以运用对极几何来恢复出两帧之间的运动.
设P的空间坐标为: (P=[X,Y,Z]^{T})
两个像素点(p_{1},p_{2})的像素坐标为: (s_{1}p_{1}=KP, s_{2}p_{2}=K(RP+t))
K为相机内参,R,t为图像1到图像2的旋转矩阵和平移矩阵.
- 取(x_{1}=k^{-1}p_{1}, x_{2}=k^{-1}p_{2}) (x1,x2是两个像素坐标在归一化平面上的坐标)
- (x_{2}=Rx_{1}+t),两侧同时左乘(x^{T}_{2})t^
- (x^{T}_{2})t</sup>$x_{2}$=$x^{T}_{2}$t<sup>(Rx_{1}),等式左边为0
- (x^{T}_{2})t^(Rx_{1}=0)
- 带入(p_{1},p_{2})得(p_{2}^{T}K^{-T})t^(RK^{-1}p_{1} = 0)
- 取基础矩阵(F=K^{-T}EK^{-1}),取本质矩阵(E=)t^(R)
- (x_{2}^{T}Ex_{1} = p_{2}^{T}Fp_{1} = 0)
相机姿态估计问题变成以下两步:
- 根据配对点的像素位置求出R或者F
- 根据E或F求出R,t
2.本质矩阵
根据本质矩阵(E=)t^(R)定义,这是一个3*3的矩阵,经典是使用8点法来求解.求解出E后,可通过奇异值分解得到相机的运动R和t.
注意:求出的E和t具有尺度一致性,通常把t进行归一化.
3.尺度不确定性
对t的长度归一化,直接导致单目视觉的尺度不确定性.解决办法可以通过SLAM的初始化来解决,初始时,使机器人平移一段距离,然后以此距离作为平移的单位.初始化之后,就可以使用3D-2D来计算相机运动了
工程中,通常匹配的点比较多,这时可以通过构造最小二乘法来进行求解E,但是由于存在误匹配的情况,所以更多的是使用随机采样一致性(RANSAC)来求解
4.三角测距来测量深度
根据对极几何的定义,(x_{1},x_{2})为两个特征点归一化的坐标,则满足:
- (s_{1}x_{1}=s_{2}Rx_{2}+t),两边同时左乘(x_{1})^得
- (s_{2})(x_{1})</sup>$Rx_{2}+$$x_{1}$<sup>t = 0
- 其中R和t在上面已经求出,故该式为(s_{2}的)方程.
- 由于噪声存在,通常可以使用最小二乘法来求解(s_{2}),从而(s_{1})也能求出
#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
// #include "extra.h" // used in opencv2
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
void find_feature_matches(
const Mat &img_1, const Mat &img_2,
std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
std::vector<DMatch> &matches);
void pose_estimation_2d2d(
const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
Mat &R, Mat &t);
void triangulation(
const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_1,
const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_2,
const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
const Mat &R, const Mat &t,
vector<Point3d> &points
);
/// 作图用
inline cv::Scalar get_color(float depth) {
float up_th = 50, low_th = 10, th_range = up_th - low_th;
if (depth > up_th) depth = up_th;
if (depth < low_th) depth = low_th;
return cv::Scalar(255 * depth / th_range, 0, 255 * (1 - depth / th_range));
}
// 像素坐标转相机归一化坐标
Point2f pixel2cam(const Point2d &p, const Mat &K);
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
if (argc != 3) {
cout << "usage: triangulation img1 img2" << endl;
return 1;
}
//-- 读取图像
Mat img_1 = imread(argv[1], CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
Mat img_2 = imread(argv[2], CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_1, keypoints_2;
vector<DMatch> matches;
find_feature_matches(img_1, img_2, keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches);
cout << "一共找到了" << matches.size() << "组匹配点" << endl;
//-- 估计两张图像间运动
Mat R, t;
pose_estimation_2d2d(keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches, R, t);
//-- 三角化
vector<Point3d> points;
triangulation(keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches, R, t, points);
//-- 验证三角化点与特征点的重投影关系
Mat K = (Mat_<double>(3, 3) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1);
Mat img1_plot = img_1.clone();
Mat img2_plot = img_2.clone();
for (int i = 0; i < matches.size(); i++) {
// 第一个图
float depth1 = points[i].z;
cout << "depth: " << depth1 << endl;
Point2d pt1_cam = pixel2cam(keypoints_1[matches[i].queryIdx].pt, K);
cv::circle(img1_plot, keypoints_1[matches[i].queryIdx].pt, 2, get_color(depth1), 2);
// 第二个图
Mat pt2_trans = R * (Mat_<double>(3, 1) << points[i].x, points[i].y, points[i].z) + t;
float depth2 = pt2_trans.at<double>(2, 0);
cv::circle(img2_plot, keypoints_2[matches[i].trainIdx].pt, 2, get_color(depth2), 2);
}
cv::imshow("img 1", img1_plot);
cv::imshow("img 2", img2_plot);
cv::waitKey();
return 0;
}
void find_feature_matches(const Mat &img_1, const Mat &img_2,
std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
std::vector<DMatch> &matches) {
//-- 初始化
Mat descriptors_1, descriptors_2;
// used in OpenCV3
Ptr<FeatureDetector> detector = ORB::create();
Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptor = ORB::create();
// use this if you are in OpenCV2
// Ptr<FeatureDetector> detector = FeatureDetector::create ( "ORB" );
// Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptor = DescriptorExtractor::create ( "ORB" );
Ptr<DescriptorMatcher> matcher = DescriptorMatcher::create("BruteForce-Hamming");
//-- 第一步:检测 Oriented FAST 角点位置
detector->detect(img_1, keypoints_1);
detector->detect(img_2, keypoints_2);
//-- 第二步:根据角点位置计算 BRIEF 描述子
descriptor->compute(img_1, keypoints_1, descriptors_1);
descriptor->compute(img_2, keypoints_2, descriptors_2);
//-- 第三步:对两幅图像中的BRIEF描述子进行匹配，使用 Hamming 距离
vector<DMatch> match;
// BFMatcher matcher ( NORM_HAMMING );
matcher->match(descriptors_1, descriptors_2, match);
//-- 第四步:匹配点对筛选
double min_dist = 10000, max_dist = 0;
//找出所有匹配之间的最小距离和最大距离, 即是最相似的和最不相似的两组点之间的距离
for (int i = 0; i < descriptors_1.rows; i++) {
double dist = match[i].distance;
if (dist < min_dist) min_dist = dist;
if (dist > max_dist) max_dist = dist;
}
printf("-- Max dist : %f
", max_dist);
printf("-- Min dist : %f
", min_dist);
//当描述子之间的距离大于两倍的最小距离时,即认为匹配有误.但有时候最小距离会非常小,设置一个经验值30作为下限.
for (int i = 0; i < descriptors_1.rows; i++) {
if (match[i].distance <= max(2 * min_dist, 30.0)) {
matches.push_back(match[i]);
}
}
}
void pose_estimation_2d2d(
const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
Mat &R, Mat &t) {
// 相机内参,TUM Freiburg2
Mat K = (Mat_<double>(3, 3) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1);
//-- 把匹配点转换为vector<Point2f>的形式
vector<Point2f> points1;
vector<Point2f> points2;
for (int i = 0; i < (int) matches.size(); i++) {
points1.push_back(keypoints_1[matches[i].queryIdx].pt);
points2.push_back(keypoints_2[matches[i].trainIdx].pt);
}
//-- 计算本质矩阵
Point2d principal_point(325.1, 249.7); //相机主点, TUM dataset标定值
int focal_length = 521; //相机焦距, TUM dataset标定值
Mat essential_matrix;
essential_matrix = findEssentialMat(points1, points2, focal_length, principal_point);
//-- 从本质矩阵中恢复旋转和平移信息.
recoverPose(essential_matrix, points1, points2, R, t, focal_length, principal_point);
}
void triangulation(
const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_1,
const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_2,
const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
const Mat &R, const Mat &t,
vector<Point3d> &points) {
Mat T1 = (Mat_<float>(3, 4) <<
1, 0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 0, 0,
0, 0, 1, 0);
Mat T2 = (Mat_<float>(3, 4) <<
R.at<double>(0, 0), R.at<double>(0, 1), R.at<double>(0, 2), t.at<double>(0, 0),
R.at<double>(1, 0), R.at<double>(1, 1), R.at<double>(1, 2), t.at<double>(1, 0),
R.at<double>(2, 0), R.at<double>(2, 1), R.at<double>(2, 2), t.at<double>(2, 0)
);
Mat K = (Mat_<double>(3, 3) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1);
vector<Point2f> pts_1, pts_2;
for (DMatch m:matches) {
// 将像素坐标转换至相机坐标
pts_1.push_back(pixel2cam(keypoint_1[m.queryIdx].pt, K));
pts_2.push_back(pixel2cam(keypoint_2[m.trainIdx].pt, K));
}
Mat pts_4d;
//得到深度点,为4维齐次方程
//输入是两个图片的位姿,以及特征点在两个相机中的坐标,归一化坐标
//输出是第一个图片的特征点在相机中的坐标
cv::triangulatePoints(T1, T2, pts_1, pts_2, pts_4d);
// 转换成非齐次坐标
for (int i = 0; i < pts_4d.cols; i++) {
Mat x = pts_4d.col(i); //取列信息
x /= x.at<float>(3, 0); // 归一化
Point3d p(
x.at<float>(0, 0), //得到非齐次的3D点
x.at<float>(1, 0),
x.at<float>(2, 0)
);
points.push_back(p);
}
}
Point2f pixel2cam(const Point2d &p, const Mat &K) {
return Point2f
(
(p.x - K.at<double>(0, 2)) / K.at<double>(0, 0),
(p.y - K.at<double>(1, 2)) / K.at<double>(1, 1)
);
}
CMakeLists.txt:
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project(orb)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -std=c++11")
list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake)
include_directories(inc)
aux_source_directory(src DIR_SRCS)
SET(SOUR_FILE ${DIR_SRCS})
find_package(OpenCV 3 REQUIRED)
find_package(G2O REQUIRED)
find_package(Sophus REQUIRED)
include_directories(
${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS}
${G2O_INCLUDE_DIRS}
${Sophus_INCLUDE_DIRS}
"/usr/include/eigen3/"
)
add_executable(orb ${SOUR_FILE})
target_link_libraries(orb ${OpenCV_LIBS})