视觉十四讲：第七讲_2D-2D:对极几何估计姿态

1.对极几何

从2张图片中,得到若干个配对好的2d特征点,就可以运用对极几何来恢复出两帧之间的运动.

设P的空间坐标为: (P=[X,Y,Z]^{T})
两个像素点(p_{1},p_{2})的像素坐标为: (s_{1}p_{1}=KP, s_{2}p_{2}=K(RP+t))
K为相机内参,R,t为图像1到图像2的旋转矩阵和平移矩阵.

• 取(x_{1}=k^{-1}p_{1}, x_{2}=k^{-1}p_{2}) (x1,x2是两个像素坐标在归一化平面上的坐标)
• (x_{2}=Rx_{1}+t),两侧同时左乘(x^{T}_{2})t^{^}
• (x^{T}_{2})t$x_{2}$=$x^{T}_{2}$t(Rx_{1}),等式左边为0
• (x^{T}_{2})t^{^}(Rx_{1}=0)
• 带入(p_{1},p_{2})得(p_{2}^{T}K^{-T})t^{^}(RK^{-1}p_{1} = 0)
• 取基础矩阵(F=K^{-T}EK^{-1}),取本质矩阵(E=)t^{^}(R)
• (x_{2}^{T}Ex_{1} = p_{2}^{T}Fp_{1} = 0)

相机姿态估计问题变成以下两步:

• 根据配对点的像素位置求出R或者F
• 根据E或F求出R,t

2.本质矩阵

根据本质矩阵(E=)t^{^}(R)定义,这是一个3*3的矩阵,经典是使用8点法来求解.求解出E后,可通过奇异值分解得到相机的运动R和t.

注意:求出的E和t具有尺度一致性,通常把t进行归一化.

3.尺度不确定性

对t的长度归一化,直接导致单目视觉的尺度不确定性.解决办法可以通过SLAM的初始化来解决,初始时,使机器人平移一段距离,然后以此距离作为平移的单位.初始化之后,就可以使用3D-2D来计算相机运动了

工程中,通常匹配的点比较多,这时可以通过构造最小二乘法来进行求解E,但是由于存在误匹配的情况,所以更多的是使用随机采样一致性(RANSAC)来求解

4.三角测距来测量深度

根据对极几何的定义,(x_{1},x_{2})为两个特征点归一化的坐标,则满足:

• (s_{1}x_{1}=s_{2}Rx_{2}+t),两边同时左乘(x_{1})^{^}得
• (s_{2})(x_{1})$Rx_{2}+$$x_{1}$t = 0
• 其中R和t在上面已经求出,故该式为(s_{2}的)方程.
• 由于噪声存在,通常可以使用最小二乘法来求解(s_{2}),从而(s_{1})也能求出

#include <iostream>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
// #include "extra.h" // used in opencv2
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;

void find_feature_matches(
  const Mat &img_1, const Mat &img_2,
  std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
  std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
  std::vector<DMatch> &matches);

void pose_estimation_2d2d(
  const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
  const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
  const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
  Mat &R, Mat &t);

void triangulation(
  const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_1,
  const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_2,
  const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
  const Mat &R, const Mat &t,
  vector<Point3d> &points
);

/// 作图用
inline cv::Scalar get_color(float depth) {
  float up_th = 50, low_th = 10, th_range = up_th - low_th;
  if (depth > up_th) depth = up_th;
  if (depth < low_th) depth = low_th;
  return cv::Scalar(255 * depth / th_range, 0, 255 * (1 - depth / th_range));
}

// 像素坐标转相机归一化坐标
Point2f pixel2cam(const Point2d &p, const Mat &K);

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  if (argc != 3) {
    cout << "usage: triangulation img1 img2" << endl;
    return 1;
  }
  //-- 读取图像
  Mat img_1 = imread(argv[1], CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);
  Mat img_2 = imread(argv[2], CV_LOAD_IMAGE_COLOR);

  vector<KeyPoint> keypoints_1, keypoints_2;
  vector<DMatch> matches;
  find_feature_matches(img_1, img_2, keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches);
  cout << "一共找到了" << matches.size() << "组匹配点" << endl;

  //-- 估计两张图像间运动
  Mat R, t;
  pose_estimation_2d2d(keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches, R, t);

  //-- 三角化
  vector<Point3d> points;
  triangulation(keypoints_1, keypoints_2, matches, R, t, points);

  //-- 验证三角化点与特征点的重投影关系
  Mat K = (Mat_<double>(3, 3) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1);
  Mat img1_plot = img_1.clone();
  Mat img2_plot = img_2.clone();
  for (int i = 0; i < matches.size(); i++) {
    // 第一个图
    float depth1 = points[i].z;
    cout << "depth: " << depth1 << endl;
    Point2d pt1_cam = pixel2cam(keypoints_1[matches[i].queryIdx].pt, K);
    cv::circle(img1_plot, keypoints_1[matches[i].queryIdx].pt, 2, get_color(depth1), 2);

    // 第二个图
    Mat pt2_trans = R * (Mat_<double>(3, 1) << points[i].x, points[i].y, points[i].z) + t;
    float depth2 = pt2_trans.at<double>(2, 0);
    cv::circle(img2_plot, keypoints_2[matches[i].trainIdx].pt, 2, get_color(depth2), 2);
  }
  cv::imshow("img 1", img1_plot);
  cv::imshow("img 2", img2_plot);
  cv::waitKey();

  return 0;
}

void find_feature_matches(const Mat &img_1, const Mat &img_2,
                          std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
                          std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
                          std::vector<DMatch> &matches) {
  //-- 初始化
  Mat descriptors_1, descriptors_2;
  // used in OpenCV3
  Ptr<FeatureDetector> detector = ORB::create();
  Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptor = ORB::create();
  // use this if you are in OpenCV2
  // Ptr<FeatureDetector> detector = FeatureDetector::create ( "ORB" );
  // Ptr<DescriptorExtractor> descriptor = DescriptorExtractor::create ( "ORB" );
  Ptr<DescriptorMatcher> matcher = DescriptorMatcher::create("BruteForce-Hamming");
  //-- 第一步:检测 Oriented FAST 角点位置
  detector->detect(img_1, keypoints_1);
  detector->detect(img_2, keypoints_2);

  //-- 第二步:根据角点位置计算 BRIEF 描述子
  descriptor->compute(img_1, keypoints_1, descriptors_1);
  descriptor->compute(img_2, keypoints_2, descriptors_2);

  //-- 第三步:对两幅图像中的BRIEF描述子进行匹配，使用 Hamming 距离
  vector<DMatch> match;
  // BFMatcher matcher ( NORM_HAMMING );
  matcher->match(descriptors_1, descriptors_2, match);

  //-- 第四步:匹配点对筛选
  double min_dist = 10000, max_dist = 0;

  //找出所有匹配之间的最小距离和最大距离, 即是最相似的和最不相似的两组点之间的距离
  for (int i = 0; i < descriptors_1.rows; i++) {
    double dist = match[i].distance;
    if (dist < min_dist) min_dist = dist;
    if (dist > max_dist) max_dist = dist;
  }

  printf("-- Max dist : %f 
", max_dist);
  printf("-- Min dist : %f 
", min_dist);

  //当描述子之间的距离大于两倍的最小距离时,即认为匹配有误.但有时候最小距离会非常小,设置一个经验值30作为下限.
  for (int i = 0; i < descriptors_1.rows; i++) {
    if (match[i].distance <= max(2 * min_dist, 30.0)) {
      matches.push_back(match[i]);
    }
  }
}

void pose_estimation_2d2d(
  const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_1,
  const std::vector<KeyPoint> &keypoints_2,
  const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
  Mat &R, Mat &t) {
  // 相机内参,TUM Freiburg2
  Mat K = (Mat_<double>(3, 3) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1);

  //-- 把匹配点转换为vector<Point2f>的形式
  vector<Point2f> points1;
  vector<Point2f> points2;

  for (int i = 0; i < (int) matches.size(); i++) {
    points1.push_back(keypoints_1[matches[i].queryIdx].pt);
    points2.push_back(keypoints_2[matches[i].trainIdx].pt);
  }

  //-- 计算本质矩阵
  Point2d principal_point(325.1, 249.7);        //相机主点, TUM dataset标定值
  int focal_length = 521;            //相机焦距, TUM dataset标定值
  Mat essential_matrix;
  essential_matrix = findEssentialMat(points1, points2, focal_length, principal_point);

  //-- 从本质矩阵中恢复旋转和平移信息.
  recoverPose(essential_matrix, points1, points2, R, t, focal_length, principal_point);
}

void triangulation(
  const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_1,
  const vector<KeyPoint> &keypoint_2,
  const std::vector<DMatch> &matches,
  const Mat &R, const Mat &t,
  vector<Point3d> &points) {
  Mat T1 = (Mat_<float>(3, 4) <<
    1, 0, 0, 0,
    0, 1, 0, 0,
    0, 0, 1, 0);
  Mat T2 = (Mat_<float>(3, 4) <<
    R.at<double>(0, 0), R.at<double>(0, 1), R.at<double>(0, 2), t.at<double>(0, 0),
    R.at<double>(1, 0), R.at<double>(1, 1), R.at<double>(1, 2), t.at<double>(1, 0),
    R.at<double>(2, 0), R.at<double>(2, 1), R.at<double>(2, 2), t.at<double>(2, 0)
  );

  Mat K = (Mat_<double>(3, 3) << 520.9, 0, 325.1, 0, 521.0, 249.7, 0, 0, 1);
  vector<Point2f> pts_1, pts_2;
  for (DMatch m:matches) {
    // 将像素坐标转换至相机坐标
    pts_1.push_back(pixel2cam(keypoint_1[m.queryIdx].pt, K));
    pts_2.push_back(pixel2cam(keypoint_2[m.trainIdx].pt, K));
  }

  Mat pts_4d;
//得到深度点,为4维齐次方程
//输入是两个图片的位姿,以及特征点在两个相机中的坐标,归一化坐标
//输出是第一个图片的特征点在相机中的坐标
  cv::triangulatePoints(T1, T2, pts_1, pts_2, pts_4d);

  // 转换成非齐次坐标
  for (int i = 0; i < pts_4d.cols; i++) {
    Mat x = pts_4d.col(i);  //取列信息
    x /= x.at<float>(3, 0); // 归一化
    Point3d p(
      x.at<float>(0, 0),  //得到非齐次的3D点
      x.at<float>(1, 0),
      x.at<float>(2, 0)
    );
    points.push_back(p);
  }
}

Point2f pixel2cam(const Point2d &p, const Mat &K) {
  return Point2f
    (
      (p.x - K.at<double>(0, 2)) / K.at<double>(0, 0),
      (p.y - K.at<double>(1, 2)) / K.at<double>(1, 1)
    );
}

CMakeLists.txt:

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project(orb)

set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -std=c++11")
list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake)
include_directories(inc)
aux_source_directory(src DIR_SRCS)
SET(SOUR_FILE ${DIR_SRCS})
find_package(OpenCV 3 REQUIRED)
find_package(G2O REQUIRED)
find_package(Sophus REQUIRED)

include_directories(
        ${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS}
        ${G2O_INCLUDE_DIRS}
        ${Sophus_INCLUDE_DIRS}
        "/usr/include/eigen3/"
)


add_executable(orb ${SOUR_FILE})
target_link_libraries(orb ${OpenCV_LIBS})