【源码阅读】Java集合之三

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Java 源码阅读的第一步是Collection框架源码，这也是面试基础中的基础； 针对Collection的源码阅读写一个系列的文章，本文是第三篇ArrayDeque。 ---@pdai

JDK版本

JDK 1.8.0_110

概述总结

• ArrayDeque是可变长Array, 实现了Deque接口；Deque是"double ended queue", 表示双向的队列，英文读作"deck"；
• Deque 继承自 Queue接口，除了支持Queue的方法之外，还支持insert, remove和examine操作，由于Deque是双向的，所以可以对队列的头和尾都进行操作，它同时也支持两组格式，一组是抛出异常的实现；另外一组是返回值的实现（没有则返回null）；
• Java里有一个叫做Stack的类，却没有叫做Queue的类（它是个接口名字）。当需要使用栈时，Java已不推荐使用Stack，而是推荐使用更高效的ArrayDeque；既然Queue只是一个接口，当需要使用队列时也就首选ArrayDeque了（次选是LinkedList）。
• ArrayDeque底层通过数组实现，为了满足可以同时在数组两端插入或删除元素的需求，该数组还必须是循环的，即循环数组（circular array），也就是说数组的任何一点都可能被看作起点或者终点;
• ArrayDeque是非线程安全的（not thread-safe），当多个线程同时使用的时候，需要程序员手动同步；另外，该容器不允许放入null元素。
• ArrayDeque也采用了快速失败的机制，通过记录modCount参数来实现。在面对并发的修改时，迭代器很快就会完全失败，而不是冒着在将来某个不确定时间发生任意不确定行为的风险;
• ArrayDeque底层的数据类型是Object[], Java泛型只是编译器提供的语法糖，所以这里的数组是一个Object数组，以便能够容纳任何类型的对象;

类关系图

ArrayDeque实现的接口和继承的类如下：

public class ArrayDeque<E> extends AbstractCollection<E>
                           implements Deque<E>, Cloneable, Serializable
{
}

Collection接口

Collection接口操作分为如下几类：

• Query Operations

  • int size();
  • boolean isEmpty();
  • boolean contains(Object o);
  • Iterator iterator();
  • Object[] toArray();
  • T[] toArray(T[] a);

• Modification Operations

  • boolean add(E e);
  • boolean remove(Object o);

• Bulk Operations

  • boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c);
  • boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c);
  • boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c);
  • default boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter)
  • boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c);
  • void clear();

• Comparison and hashing

  • boolean equals(Object o);
  • int hashCode();

• others

  • default Spliterator spliterator() {}
  • default Stream stream() {}
  • default Stream parallelStream() {}

Queue

Queue接口继承自Collection接口，除了最基本的Collection的方法之外，它还支持额外的insertion, extraction和inspection操作。这里有两组格式，共6个方法，一组是抛出异常的实现；另外一组是返回值的实现（没有则返回null）。

	Throws exception	Returns special value
Insert	add(e)	offer(e)
Remove	remove()	poll()
Examine	element()	peek()

Deque

Deque 继承自 Queue接口，除了支持Queue的方法之外，还支持insert, remove和examine操作，由于Deque是双向的，所以可以对队列的头和尾都进行操作，它同时也支持两组格式，一组是抛出异常的实现；另外一组是返回值的实现（没有则返回null）。共12个方法如下：

||First Element (Head)|| Last Element (Tail) ||
|--------|--------|--------|--------|
||Throws exception| Special value| Throws exception| Special value |
|Insert| addFirst(e)| offerFirst(e)| addLast(e)| offerLast(e) |
|Remove|removeFirst()| pollFirst()| removeLast()| pollLast() |
|Examine| getFirst()| peekFirst()| getLast()| peekLast() |

当把Deque当做FIFO的queue来使用时，元素是从deque的尾部添加，从头部进行删除的； 所以deque的部分方法是和queue是等同的。具体如下：

Queue Method	Equivalent Deque Method
add(e)	addLast(e)
offer(e)	offerLast(e)
remove()	removeFirst()
poll()	pollFirst()
element()	getFirst()
peek()	peekFirst()

Deque的含义是“double ended queue”，即双端队列，它既可以当作栈使用，也可以当作队列使用。

下表列出了Deque与Queue相对应的接口：

Queue Method	Equivalent Deque Method	说明
add(e)	addLast(e)	向队尾插入元素，失败则抛出异常
offer(e)	offerLast(e)	向队尾插入元素，失败则返回false
remove()	removeFirst()	获取并删除队首元素，失败则抛出异常
poll()	pollFirst()	获取并删除队首元素，失败则返回null
element()	getFirst()	获取但不删除队首元素，失败则抛出异常
peek()	peekFirst()	获取但不删除队首元素，失败则返回null

下表列出了Deque与Stack对应的接口：

Stack Method	Equivalent Deque Method	说明
push(e)	addFirst(e)	向栈顶插入元素，失败则抛出异常
无	offerFirst(e)	向栈顶插入元素，失败则返回false
pop()	removeFirst()	获取并删除栈顶元素，失败则抛出异常
无	pollFirst()	获取并删除栈顶元素，失败则返回null
peek()	peekFirst()	获取但不删除栈顶元素，失败则抛出异常
无	peekFirst()	获取但不删除栈顶元素，失败则返回null

上面两个表共定义了Deque的12个接口。添加，删除，取值都有两套接口，它们功能相同，区别是对失败情况的处理不同。一套接口遇到失败就会抛出异常，另一套遇到失败会返回特殊值（false或null）。除非某种实现对容量有限制，大多数情况下，添加操作是不会失败的。虽然Deque的接口有12个之多，但无非就是对容器的两端进行操作，或添加，或删除，或查看。明白了这一点讲解起来就会非常简单。

类的实现

底层数据结构

从名字可以看出ArrayDeque底层通过数组实现，为了满足可以同时在数组两端插入或删除元素的需求，该数组还必须是循环的，即循环数组（circular array），也就是说数组的任何一点都可能被看作起点或者终点。ArrayDeque是非线程安全的（not thread-safe），当多个线程同时使用的时候，需要程序员手动同步；另外，该容器不允许放入null元素。

    /**
     * The array in which the elements of the deque are stored.
     * The capacity of the deque is the length of this array, which is
     * always a power of two. The array is never allowed to become
     * full, except transiently within an addX method where it is
     * resized (see doubleCapacity) immediately upon becoming full,
     * thus avoiding head and tail wrapping around to equal each
     * other.  We also guarantee that all array cells not holding
     * deque elements are always null.
     */
    transient Object[] elements; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    /**
     * The index of the element at the head of the deque (which is the
     * element that would be removed by remove() or pop()); or an
     * arbitrary number equal to tail if the deque is empty.
     */
    transient int head;

    /**
     * The index at which the next element would be added to the tail
     * of the deque (via addLast(E), add(E), or push(E)).
     */
    transient int tail;

    /**
     * The minimum capacity that we'll use for a newly created deque.
     * Must be a power of 2.
     */
    private static final int MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 8;

head指向首端第一个有效元素，tail指向尾端第一个可以插入元素的空位。因为是循环数组，所以head不一定总等于0，tail也不一定总是比head大。

基础数据结构方法

下面再说说扩容函数doubleCapacity()，其逻辑是申请一个更大的数组（原数组的两倍），然后将原数组复制过去。

    /**
     * Allocates empty array to hold the given number of elements.
     *
     * @param numElements  the number of elements to hold
     */
    private void allocateElements(int numElements) {
        int initialCapacity = MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
        // Find the best power of two to hold elements.
        // Tests "<=" because arrays aren't kept full.
        if (numElements >= initialCapacity) {
            initialCapacity = numElements;
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  1);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  2);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  4);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  8);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 16);
            initialCapacity++;

            if (initialCapacity < 0)   // Too many elements, must back off
                initialCapacity >>>= 1;// Good luck allocating 2 ^ 30 elements
        }
        elements = new Object[initialCapacity];
    }

    /**
     * Doubles the capacity of this deque.  Call only when full, i.e.,
     * when head and tail have wrapped around to become equal.
     */
	private void doubleCapacity() {
	    assert head == tail;
	    int p = head;
	    int n = elements.length;
	    int r = n - p; // head右边元素的个数
	    int newCapacity = n << 1;//原空间的2倍
	    if (newCapacity < 0)
	        throw new IllegalStateException("Sorry, deque too big");
	    Object[] a = new Object[newCapacity];
	    System.arraycopy(elements, p, a, 0, r);//复制右半部分，对应上图中绿色部分
	    System.arraycopy(elements, 0, a, r, p);//复制左半部分，对应上图中灰色部分
	    elements = (E[])a;
	    head = 0;
	    tail = n;
	}

    /**
     * Copies the elements from our element array into the specified array,
     * in order (from first to last element in the deque).  It is assumed
     * that the array is large enough to hold all elements in the deque.
     *
     * @return its argument
     */
    private <T> T[] copyElements(T[] a) {
        if (head < tail) {
            System.arraycopy(elements, head, a, 0, size());
        } else if (head > tail) {
            int headPortionLen = elements.length - head;
            System.arraycopy(elements, head, a, 0, headPortionLen);
            System.arraycopy(elements, 0, a, headPortionLen, tail);
        }
        return a;
    }

构造函数

    /**
     * Constructs an empty array deque with an initial capacity
     * sufficient to hold 16 elements.
     */
    public ArrayDeque() {
        elements = new Object[16];
    }

    /**
     * Constructs an empty array deque with an initial capacity
     * sufficient to hold the specified number of elements.
     *
     * @param numElements  lower bound on initial capacity of the deque
     */
    public ArrayDeque(int numElements) {
        allocateElements(numElements);
    }

    /**
     * Constructs a deque containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.  (The first element returned by the collection's
     * iterator becomes the first element, or <i>front</i> of the
     * deque.)
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into the deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public ArrayDeque(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        allocateElements(c.size());
        addAll(c);
    }

基本的插入和取出方法

主要都是基于如下四个方法addFirst(), addLast(), pollFirst(), pollLast()

addFirst()

addFirst(E e)的作用是在Deque的首端插入元素，也就是在head的前面插入元素，在空间足够且下标没有越界的情况下，只需要将elements[--head] = e即可。

实际需要考虑：1.空间是否够用，以及2.下标是否越界的问题。

//addFirst(E e)
public void addFirst(E e) {
    if (e == null)//不允许放入null
        throw new NullPointerException();
    elements[head = (head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)] = e;//2.下标是否越界
    if (head == tail)//1.空间是否够用
        doubleCapacity();//扩容
}

上述代码我们看到，空间问题是在插入之后解决的，因为tail总是指向下一个可插入的空位，也就意味着elements数组至少有一个空位，所以插入元素的时候不用考虑空间问题。

下标越界的处理解决起来非常简单，head = (head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)就可以了，这段代码相当于取余，同时解决了head为负值的情况。因为elements.length必需是2的指数倍，elements - 1就是二进制低位全1，跟head - 1相与之后就起到了取模的作用，如果head - 1为负数（其实只可能是-1），则相当于对其取相对于elements.length的补码。

addLast()

addLast(E e)的作用是在Deque的尾端插入元素，也就是在tail的位置插入元素，由于tail总是指向下一个可以插入的空位，因此只需要elements[tail] = e;即可。插入完成后再检查空间，如果空间已经用光，则调用doubleCapacity()进行扩容。

public void addLast(E e) {
    if (e == null)//不允许放入null
        throw new NullPointerException();
    elements[tail] = e;//赋值
    if ( (tail = (tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1)) == head)//下标越界处理
        doubleCapacity();//扩容
}

pollFirst()

pollFirst()的作用是删除并返回Deque首端元素，也即是head位置处的元素。如果容器不空，只需要直接返回elements[head]即可，当然还需要处理下标的问题。由于ArrayDeque中不允许放入null，当elements[head] == null时，意味着容器为空。

public E pollFirst() {
    E result = elements[head];
    if (result == null)//null值意味着deque为空
        return null;
    elements[h] = null;//let GC work
    head = (head + 1) & (elements.length - 1);//下标越界处理
    return result;
}

pollLast()

pollLast()的作用是删除并返回Deque尾端元素，也即是tail位置前面的那个元素。

public E pollLast() {
    int t = (tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1);//tail的上一个位置是最后一个元素
    E result = elements[t];
    if (result == null)//null值意味着deque为空
        return null;
    elements[t] = null;//let GC work
    tail = t;
    return result;
}

peekFirst()

peekFirst()的作用是返回但不删除Deque首端元素，也即是head位置处的元素，直接返回elements[head]即可。

public E peekFirst() {
    return elements[head]; // elements[head] is null if deque empty
}

peekLast()

peekLast()的作用是返回但不删除Deque尾端元素，也即是tail位置前面的那个元素。

public E peekLast() {
    return elements[(tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1)];
}

队列（Queue）方法

add(E e)

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addLast}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     */
    public boolean add(E e) {
        addLast(e);
        return true;
    }

offer(E e)

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #offerLast}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     */
    public boolean offer(E e) {
        return offerLast(e);
    }

remove()

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque.
     *
     * This method differs from {@link #poll poll} only in that it throws an
     * exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E remove() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

poll()

    /**
     * Retrieves and removes the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * (in other words, the first element of this deque), or returns
     * {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #pollFirst}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque, or
     *         {@code null} if this deque is empty
     */
    public E poll() {
        return pollFirst();
    }

element()

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
     * this deque.  This method differs from {@link #peek peek} only in
     * that it throws an exception if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #getFirst}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque
     * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E element() {
        return getFirst();
    }

peek()

    /**
     * Retrieves, but does not remove, the head of the queue represented by
     * this deque, or returns {@code null} if this deque is empty.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #peekFirst}.
     *
     * @return the head of the queue represented by this deque, or
     *         {@code null} if this deque is empty
     */
    public E peek() {
        return peekFirst();
    }

栈（Stack）方法

push(E e)

    /**
     * Pushes an element onto the stack represented by this deque.  In other
     * words, inserts the element at the front of this deque.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #addFirst}.
     *
     * @param e the element to push
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     */
    public void push(E e) {
        addFirst(e);
    }

pop()

    /**
     * Pops an element from the stack represented by this deque.  In other
     * words, removes and returns the first element of this deque.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirst()}.
     *
     * @return the element at the front of this deque (which is the top
     *         of the stack represented by this deque)
     * @throws NoSuchElementException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E pop() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

集合（Collection）方法

size()

    /**
     * Returns the number of elements in this deque.
     *
     * @return the number of elements in this deque
     */
    public int size() {
        return (tail - head) & (elements.length - 1);
    }

isEmpty()

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contains no elements.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this deque contains no elements
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return head == tail;
    }

iterator()

    /**
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this deque.  The elements
     * will be ordered from first (head) to last (tail).  This is the same
     * order that elements would be dequeued (via successive calls to
     * {@link #remove} or popped (via successive calls to {@link #pop}).
     *
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this deque
     */
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new DeqIterator();
    }

    public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
        return new DescendingIterator();
    }

contains(Object o)

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element.
     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this deque contains
     * at least one element {@code e} such that {@code o.equals(e)}.
     *
     * @param o object to be checked for containment in this deque
     * @return {@code true} if this deque contains the specified element
     */
    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        if (o == null)
            return false;
        int mask = elements.length - 1;
        int i = head;
        Object x;
        while ( (x = elements[i]) != null) {
            if (o.equals(x))
                return true;
            i = (i + 1) & mask;
        }
        return false;
    }

remove(Object o)

    /**
     * Removes a single instance of the specified element from this deque.
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the first element {@code e} such that
     * {@code o.equals(e)} (if such an element exists).
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #removeFirstOccurrence(Object)}.
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        return removeFirstOccurrence(o);
    }

clear()

    /**
     * Removes all of the elements from this deque.
     * The deque will be empty after this call returns.
     */
    public void clear() {
        int h = head;
        int t = tail;
        if (h != t) { // clear all cells
            head = tail = 0;
            int i = h;
            int mask = elements.length - 1;
            do {
                elements[i] = null;
                i = (i + 1) & mask;
            } while (i != t);
        }
    }

toArray()

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this deque
     * in proper sequence (from first to last element).
     *
     * <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
     * maintained by this deque.  (In other words, this method must allocate
     * a new array).  The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
     *
     * <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
     * APIs.
     *
     * @return an array containing all of the elements in this deque
     */
    public Object[] toArray() {
        return copyElements(new Object[size()]);
    }

toArray(T[] a)

    /**
     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this deque in
     * proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the
     * returned array is that of the specified array.  If the deque fits in
     * the specified array, it is returned therein.  Otherwise, a new array
     * is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the
     * size of this deque.
     *
     * <p>If this deque fits in the specified array with room to spare
     * (i.e., the array has more elements than this deque), the element in
     * the array immediately following the end of the deque is set to
     * {@code null}.
     *
     * <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
     * array-based and collection-based APIs.  Further, this method allows
     * precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
     * under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
     *
     * <p>Suppose {@code x} is a deque known to contain only strings.
     * The following code can be used to dump the deque into a newly
     * allocated array of {@code String}:
     *
     *  <pre> {@code String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);}</pre>
     *
     * Note that {@code toArray(new Object[0])} is identical in function to
     * {@code toArray()}.
     *
     * @param a the array into which the elements of the deque are to
     *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
     *          same runtime type is allocated for this purpose
     * @return an array containing all of the elements in this deque
     * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
     *         is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
     *         this deque
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
        int size = size();
        if (a.length < size)
            a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
                    a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
        copyElements(a);
        if (a.length > size)
            a[size] = null;
        return a;
    }