一. 多app应用
from werkzeug.wsgi import DispatcherMiddleware from werkzeug.serving import run_simple from flask import Flask, current_app app1 = Flask('app01') app2 = Flask('app02') @app1.route('/index') def index(): return "app01" @app2.route('/index2') def index2(): return "app2" # http://www.oldboyedu.com/index # http://www.oldboyedu.com/sec/index2 dm = DispatcherMiddleware(app1, { '/sec': app2, }) if __name__ == "__main__": run_simple('localhost', 5000, dm)
二 form表单
安装:pip3 install wtforms
使用1：
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect from wtforms import Form from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms import validators from wtforms import widgets app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True class LoginForm(Form): # 字段（内部包含正则表达式） name = simple.StringField( label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='用户名不能为空.'), validators.Length(min=6, max=18, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d且小于%(max)d') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), # 页面上显示的插件 render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) # 字段（内部包含正则表达式） pwd = simple.PasswordField( label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.'), validators.Length(min=8, message='用户名长度必须大于%(min)d'), validators.Regexp(regex="^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*d)(?=.*[$@$!%*?&])[A-Za-zd$@$!%*?&]{8,}", message='密码至少8个字符，至少1个大写字母，1个小写字母，1个数字和1个特殊字符') ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): if request.method == 'GET': form = LoginForm() return render_template('login.html', form=form) else: form = LoginForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print('用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：', form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template('login.html', form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>登录</h1> <form method="post"> <p>{{form.name.label}} {{form.name}} {{form.name.errors[0] }}</p> <p>{{form.pwd.label}} {{form.pwd}} {{form.pwd.errors[0] }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html>
使用2：
from flask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect from wtforms import Form from wtforms.fields import core from wtforms.fields import html5 from wtforms.fields import simple from wtforms import validators from wtforms import widgets app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True class RegisterForm(Form): name = simple.StringField( label='用户名', validators=[ validators.DataRequired() ], widget=widgets.TextInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'}, default='alex' ) pwd = simple.PasswordField( label='密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='密码不能为空.') ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) pwd_confirm = simple.PasswordField( label='重复密码', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='重复密码不能为空.'), validators.EqualTo('pwd', message="两次密码输入不一致") ], widget=widgets.PasswordInput(), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) email = html5.EmailField( label='邮箱', validators=[ validators.DataRequired(message='邮箱不能为空.'), validators.Email(message='邮箱格式错误') ], widget=widgets.TextInput(input_type='email'), render_kw={'class': 'form-control'} ) gender = core.RadioField( label='性别', choices=( (1, '男'), (2, '女'), ), coerce=int # “1” “2” ) city = core.SelectField( label='城市', choices=( ('bj', '北京'), ('sh', '上海'), ) ) hobby = core.SelectMultipleField( label='爱好', choices=( (1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), ), coerce=int ) favor = core.SelectMultipleField( label='喜好', choices=( (1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), ), widget=widgets.ListWidget(prefix_label=False), option_widget=widgets.CheckboxInput(), coerce=int, default=[1, 2] ) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(RegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.favor.choices = ((1, '篮球'), (2, '足球'), (3, '羽毛球')) def validate_pwd_confirm(self, field): """ 自定义pwd_confirm字段规则，例：与pwd字段是否一致 :param field: :return: """ # 最开始初始化时，self.data中已经有所有的值 if field.data != self.data['pwd']: # raise validators.ValidationError("密码不一致") # 继续后续验证 raise validators.StopValidation("密码不一致") # 不再继续后续验证 @app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def register(): if request.method == 'GET': form = RegisterForm(data={'gender': 2,'hobby':[1,]}) # initial return render_template('register.html', form=form) else: form = RegisterForm(formdata=request.form) if form.validate(): print('用户提交数据通过格式验证，提交的值为：', form.data) else: print(form.errors) return render_template('register.html', form=form) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>用户注册</h1> <form method="post" novalidate style="padding:0 50px"> {% for field in form %} <p>{{field.label}}: {{field}} {{field.errors[0] }}</p> {% endfor %} <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form> </body> </html>
三 sqlalchemy
sqlalchemy是一个基于python实现的orm框架，该框架建立在DB API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简而言之：将类和对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果
pip install sqlalchemy
组成部分：
Engine, 框架 Connection Pooling , 数据库连接池 Dialect, 选择链接数据库的DB API种类 Schema/Types, 架构和类型 SQL Expression Language, SQL表达式语言
orm的使用
import datetime from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index Base = declarative_base() class Users(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' # 数据库表名称 id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) # id 主键 name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) # name列，索引，不可为空 # email = Column(String(32), unique=True) #datetime.datetime.now不能加括号，加了括号，以后永远是当前时间 # ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now) # extra = Column(Text, nullable=True) __table_args__ = ( # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), #联合唯一 # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), #索引 ) def init_db(): """ 根据类创建数据库表 :return: """ engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接 pool_size=5, # 连接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置） ) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db(): """ 根据类删除数据库表 :return: """ engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接 pool_size=5, # 连接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置） ) Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) if __name__ == '__main__': # drop_db() init_db()
app.py
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import create_engine from models import Users #"mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa" engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Connection = sessionmaker(bind=engine) # 每次执行数据库操作时，都需要创建一个Connection con = Connection() # ############# 执行ORM操作 ############# obj1 = Users(name="lqz",age=123) con.add(obj1) # 提交事务 con.commit() # 关闭session，其实是将连接放回连接池 con.close()
scop_session
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session from models import Users engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) """ # 线程安全，基于本地线程实现每个线程用同一个session # 特殊的：scoped_session中有原来方法的Session中的一下方法： public_methods = ( '__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested', 'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire', 'expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind', 'is_modified', 'bulk_save_objects', 'bulk_insert_mappings', 'bulk_update_mappings', 'merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback', 'scalar' ) """ #scoped_session类并没有继承Session,但是却又它的所有方法 session = scoped_session(Session) # ############# 执行ORM操作 ############# obj1 = Users(name="jason") session.add(obj1) # 提交事务 session.commit() # 关闭session session.close()
一对多查询
import time import threading from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.sql import text from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy from models import Users, Hobby, Person engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() # 添加 # session.add_all([ # Hobby(caption='乒乓球'), # Hobby(caption='羽毛球'), # Person(name='张三', hobby_id=1), # Person(name='李四', hobby_id=2), # ]) # person = Person(name='张九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘')) # session.add(person) #添加二 # hb = Hobby(caption='人妖') # hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')] # session.add(hb) # # session.commit() """ # 使用relationship正向查询 """ # v = session.query(Person).first() # print(v.name) # print(v.hobby.caption) """ # 使用relationship反向查询 """ # v = session.query(Hobby).first() # print(v.caption) # print(v.pers) #方式一，自己链表 # person_list=session.query(Person).join(Hobby,isouter=True) # print(person_list) # person_list=session.query(Person,Hobby).join(Hobby,isouter=True) # print(person_list) # for row in person_list: # # print(row.name,row.caption) # print(row[0].name,row[1].caption) # # #方式二：通过relationship # person_list=session.query(Person).all() for row in person_list: print(row.name,row.hobby.caption) # #查询喜欢姑娘的所有人 # obj=session.query(Hobby).filter(Hobby.id==1).first() # persons=obj.pers # print(persons) # session.close() #如果没有建立外键 # ret = session.query(Person).join(Hobby,Person.nid==Hobby.id, isouter=True) # print(ret)
单表查询
import time import threading from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.sql import text from models import Users engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() # 条件 # ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').all() #表达式，and条件连接 # ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 7, Users.name == 'jason').all() # print(ret) # ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(3, 5), Users.name == 'jason').all() # print(ret) #注意下划线 # ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() # print(ret) #~非，除。。外 # ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() # print(ret) # #二次筛选 # ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='jason'))).all() # print(ret) from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ #or_包裹的都是or条件，and_包裹的都是and条件 #ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all() # ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id >6 , Users.name == 'jason')).all() # print(ret) # ret = session.query(Users).filter( # or_( # Users.id < 2, # and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3), # Users.age != "" # )).all() # 通配符，以e开头，不以e开头 # ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('_q%')).all() # print(ret) # ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('j%')).all() # print(ret) # 限制，用于分页，区间 # ret = session.query(Users)[1:9] # print(ret) # # # 排序，根据name降序排列（从大到小） # ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()) # print(ret) # #第一个条件重复后，再按第二个条件升序排 # ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()) # print(ret) # # # 分组 from sqlalchemy.sql import func # # ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.name).all() # print(ret) # #分组之后取最大id，id之和，最小id # ret = session.query( # func.max(Users.id), # func.sum(Users.id), # func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() # print(ret) # #haviing筛选 # ret = session.query( # # func.max(Users.id), # # func.sum(Users.id), # # func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2) # # print(ret)
增删改
import time import threading from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.sql import text from models import Users engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() # ################ 添加 ################ # obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi",age=40) # session.add(obj1) # # session.add_all([ # Users(name="tank"), # Users(name="jason"), # #Hosts(name="c1.com"), # ]) # session.commit() # ################ 删除 ################ # session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 5).delete() # session.commit() # ################ 修改 ################ #传字典 #session.query(Users).filter(Users.id ==4 ).update({"age" : 30,}) #类似于django的F查询 #session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 3).update({Users.name: Users.name + "sb"}, synchronize_session=False) #session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 7).update({"age": Users.age + 16}, synchronize_session="evaluate") # session.commit() # ################ 查询 ################ # r1 = session.query(Users).all() # print(r1) #只取age列，把name重命名为xx # r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('sb'), Users.age).filter(Users.id==8).first() # print(r2.sb) #filter传的是表达式，filter_by传的是参数 # r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "jason").all() # print(r3) # r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='jason').all() # print(r4) # r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').first() #:value 和:name 相当于占位符，用params传参数 #r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all() #自定义查询sql #r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all() #增，删，改都要commit() session.close()
多对多
import time import threading from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.sql import text from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy from models import Users, Hobby, Person, Girl, Boy2Girl, Boy engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() # 添加 # session.add_all([ # Girl(name='c1.com'), # Girl(name='c2.com'), # Boy(hostname='A组'), # Boy(hostname='B组'), # ]) # session.commit() # s2g = Boy2Girl(girl_id=1,boy_id=1) # session.add(s2g) # session.commit() # # # gp = Girl(name='C组') # gp.boys = [Boy(hostname='c3.com'),Boy(hostname='c4.com')] # session.add(gp) # session.commit() # # # ser = Boy(hostname='c6.com') # ser.girl = [Girl(name='F组'),Girl(name='G组')] # session.add(ser) # session.commit() # 使用relationship正向查询 # v = session.query(Boy).first() # print(v.hostname) # print(v.girl) # 使用relationship反向查询 # v = session.query(Girl).first() # print(v.name) # print(v.boys) # # # # session.close()