• 【数据分析师 Level 1 】10.数据采集方法

    Evernote Export

    【数据分析师 Level 1 】3-1.数据采集方法

    数据的来源

    一手数据 VS 二手数据
    • 一手数据（Primary data）
      • 也称为原始数据，顾名思义，是指直接获取，没有经过加工或者第三方传递获得的数据。比如传统调研中的问卷测评、小组访谈、面对面沟通等形式获得的数据，或者是互联网时代用户直接填写的个人信息数据以及平台抓取得行为数据等等
    • 二手数据（Secondary data）
      • 主要是相对于一手数据而言，指的是通过第三方或者是现有的数据资料获取的数据。比如国家统计局数据、知名文献中罗列的数据等等。一手数据的来源渠道，一般比较固定，往往是和自身直接相关。比如搭建的网站、组织的活动，开展的调研等。而二手数据则相对比较多样化，凡是会产出数据相关信息的第三方机构都可以作为来源渠道。
    优劣势分析

    一手数据和二手数据，在实际应用中都是非常重要的。他们不同的优缺点，可以很好地互补，从而帮助企业在效果和效率间找到比较好的平衡

     优点缺点
    一手数据 相关性强 准确度高 理解准确 成本贵 耗时长 清洗工作重
    二手数据 成本低 时间短 清洗工作少 比较普适，相关性弱 准确度不可控制 理解可能存在偏差

    在实际项目中，一般会把两类数据进行结合，总结来看，一手和二手数据的选择，可以参考下图的形式判断

    同时，在一手数据的使用过程中，需要特别注意的是，要对采集回来的数据进行逻辑合理性验证

    而二手数据，因为收集的过程由第三方完成。因此数据的可信性和准确度，就依赖于第三方机构的可信性。

    抽样方法

    如何获取一手数据？

    当我们需要获取一手数据的时候，一种常见的方式就是抽样调查

    抽样调查不止在传统行业中比较常用，在现在的互联网企业中也时常会用到。比如一些优惠活动或者特定客群营销等方案的测试，就需要用到抽样的方式选择测试群体。在做抽样调查时，我们都希望尽可能地减少误差，让抽样的样本能够充分代表整体的特征。那么误差和哪些因素相关呢，抽样误差（Sampling Error）的大小，主要由样本容量的大小和抽样方式来决定。

    一般，我们认为抽样可以分为两类：一类我们叫做概率抽样（Probability Samling），也叫做客观抽样。第二类，我们叫做非概率抽样（Non-probability Sampling），也叫做主观抽样。下面我们介绍两种抽样方法

    概率抽样

    顾名思义，是一种基于概率的抽样方式，因此也被称为客观抽样。从理论的角度来说，概率抽样是符合科学和统计原则的，抽样误差可以估计。也是在可能的情况下，最优先被推荐使用的抽样方法。但是，精确度高的方法，往往操作的复杂度和耗费的成本也会相对偏高。概率抽样，虽然可以避免主观判断带来的谬误，但是它常常受限于项目经费、时间和保密性等原则，从而难以实际使用

    非概率抽样

    和概率抽样相反，非概率抽样是一种简单、易使用的抽样方式。它主要通过抽样者的判断，包括对样本特征的判断和对项目成本的考量，综合特殊的要求或者设定，最终选择合适的样本。因此，这种方法会收到主观因素的影响，不符合统计科学的原则，抽样误差是无法估计和计算的。但是在实际应用中，大量的案例还是证明了非概率误差依然有一定的有效性。在样本量充足的前提下，通过设定简单的配比，以及选择有经验的抽样者，基本上可以保证抽样结果的有效性。而且由于非概率抽样比较容易重复操作，因此用此飞概率抽样反复进行同一试验，结果往往也有趋同性。另外，这一抽样方式，虽然无法衡量抽样误差，但是由于抽样过程可以进行设计和控制，因此可以更简单有效地控制非抽样误差（Non-sampling Error）。

    总结来说，概率抽样和非概率抽样，我们可以通过以下的表格进行区别

     特点优点缺点
    概率抽样 根据科学原则抽取样本 抽样误差可以估计客观 成本贵 耗时长 操作复杂 局限多
    非概率抽样 根据抽样者的主观判断抽取样本 成本低 时间短 操作简单 可行性强 无法衡量抽样误差 存在主管谬误 对抽样者经验要求高
    概率抽样方法

    介绍了概率抽样和非概率抽样之后，我们重点看一下概率抽样方法，常用的概率抽样方法主要有以下4种

    简单随机抽样（Simaple Random Sampling）

    使用简单随机抽样方式进行抽样，总体中的每个样本都有同等的被抽取到的机会。因此，可以用以下的公式，来确定样本量和抽样误差之间的关系

     

     

    其中n表示样本量Z2α​​

    为置信区间，如果没有指定，一般常用取值为1.96（即95%置信区间）α

    为总体标准差E
    为抽样误差范围
    因此根据这个公式，可以实现n和E之间的互相推导

    简单随机抽样中，默认了一个假设，也就是被抽中的机会是均等的，听上去似乎很正常，但是实际上要做到这一点，并不容易。由于改的外观特征和抽样者的心理因素等影响，每个个体被抽到的机会并不是均匀地。因此在实际应用中，通常用抽签或者随机数等形式来进行操作，减少偏差。这样的形式，也决定了在大型调研中简单随机抽样的方式比较难以采用，一般多应用于小型的调研，或者测试客户群体选择等。

    分层抽样（Stratifide Sampling）

    正如之前提到的，简单随机抽样的假设并不总是成立，如果总体可以按照一些特征分成若干层。层与层之间差异明显，每个层内部的个体特征相近，那么我们可以对每个层做简单随机抽样。抽样结果合并的集合，就是我们最终确认的抽样样本。

    在实际操作中，我们可以按照每一层的个体数量来决定抽取数量，是的每个层抽取的比例都相等，这样的抽样我们叫做按比例分层抽样。一般，如果每层重要性差不多，数量差异也不是很大的情况下，我们都是这样操作的。

    而如果有一些层非常重要，或者有些层的个体数非常少，那我们就要采用非按比例分层抽样的方法。

    如果总体中个体间呈现明显的几类，那么使用分层抽样可以更好地反映总体，避免随机抽样可能带来的样本集中或特征缺失的情况。因此，在概率抽样中，分层抽样也是使用最多的一种。我们在对城市，或者是大型的业务线进行研究的时候，都可以采用分层抽样。

    系统抽样（Systematic Sampling）

    除了分层抽样之外，系统抽样也对简单随机抽样，进行了改进。使用系统抽样的时候，仍然需要将个体进行编号，然后根据抽样样本容量决定抽样的间距。因此又叫等距抽样或者机械抽样。这种方法，减少了抽样过程中的人力和时间消耗。不过，系统抽样一般很少作为单独的抽样方法是用，通常是配合其他方法一起进行。

    分段抽样（Multi-stage Sampling）

    前面提到的，都是一次性抽取完成样本的方法，这些方法可以统称为单阶段抽样。然而在有些情况下，我们并不能一次性完成样本的抽取，比如在全国范围内选择一定数量的用户作为试点调查。这个时候我们需要分阶段地去完成抽样过程，这种方法，我们叫做分段抽样。

    分段抽样，我们首先把总体划分成一些大小差不多的群体。在这些群体中随机抽取几个。被抽中的群体，就作为下一步进行随机抽样的“总体”

    因此，在学习过程中，一定要注意区分分段抽样和分层抽样。虽然两者都是对总体进行了一定的划分。但是分层抽样是按照一定特征进行划分，划分的目的是为了避免特征的过分集中和缺失。抽取的过程也是一步完成的，只有在分层之后才会进行随机抽样。而分段抽样则不同，它是由于总体太大，无法直接进行抽取，所以才需要进行多步抽样。每一次对总体的划分都是为了进行随机抽取，而抽取后，下一步的“总体”就会得到一定程度的减小。

    例题精讲

    1.二手数据的特点是（）

    A.数据缺乏可靠性

    B.不适合自己的研究需要

    C.采集数据的成本低，但搜集比较困难

    D.采集数据的成本低，搜集比较容易

    答案：D

    解析：熟悉一手数据和二手数据的特点

    2.与概率抽样相比，非概率抽样的缺点是（）

    A.调查成本比较高

    B.不适合探索性研究

    C.样本统计量的分布是确定的

    D.无法使用样本的结果对总体相应的参数进行推断

    答案：D

    解析：熟悉概率抽样和非概率抽样的异同

    3.为了估计A市愿意坐地铁上下班的人数的比例，在收集数据时，最有可能采用的数据搜集方法是？

    A.普查

    B.实验

    C.随机抽样

    D.公开发表的资料

    答案：C

    解析：在不考虑人力和时间的前提下，上述选项中操作最简单，需要考虑的问题最少的是随机抽样，也能尽可能保证每个个体被抽中的可能性均等

    4.用简单随机重复抽样方法抽取样本单位，如果要使抽样平均误差降低50%，则样本容量需要扩大到原来的（）倍

    A.0.5

    B.不变

    C.2

    D.4

    答案：D

    解析：根据简单随机抽样的样本量确定公式

    n=E2(Z2α​​)2α2​

    得出误差降低50%，样本量需要扩大到原来的4倍

    5.某公司希望估计其生产的某种面向企业用户的产品在市场上的占有率，请问下面哪些抽样方法是不合理的？

    A.从公司客户数据库中随机抽取1000家企业用户进行调研

    B.调研市场上的所有上市公司对于这类产品的使用情况

    C.从市场中的企业中随机抽取调研企业

    D.针对熟悉的企业，排除调研员上门调研

    答案：ABD

    解析：只有C是随机抽样

    %23%23%23%20%E3%80%90%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%B8%88%20Level%201%20%E3%80%913-1.%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%20%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%20VS%20%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%0A%0A*%20**%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%88Primary%20data%EF%BC%89**%0A%20%20*%20%E4%B9%9F%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E9%A1%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF%E6%8C%87%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E7%BB%8F%E8%BF%87%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%B7%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%84%E3%80%81%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%BF%E8%B0%88%E3%80%81%E9%9D%A2%E5%AF%B9%E9%9D%A2%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A%E7%AD%89%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%98%AF%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%A1%AB%E5%86%99%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E6%8A%93%E5%8F%96%E5%BE%97%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%AD%89%E7%AD%89%0A*%20**%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%88Secondary%20data%EF%BC%89**%0A%20%20*%20%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%98%AF%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%80%8C%E8%A8%80%EF%BC%8C%E6%8C%87%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%98%AF%E7%8E%B0%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%81%E7%9F%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%BD%97%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%AD%89%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E6%B8%A0%E9%81%93%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%80%E5%BE%80%E6%98%AF%E5%92%8C%E8%87%AA%E8%BA%AB%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E3%80%81%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%9A%84%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%EF%BC%8C%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%88%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%A1%E6%98%AF%E4%BC%9A%E4%BA%A7%E5%87%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E6%B8%A0%E9%81%93%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%A3%E5%8A%BF%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%0A%0A%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E3%80%82%E4%BB%96%E4%BB%AC%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%98%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%BE%88%E5%A5%BD%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E8%80%8C%E5%B8%AE%E5%8A%A9%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C%E5%92%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E9%97%B4%E6%89%BE%E5%88%B0%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%A5%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%0A%0A%0A%0A%7C%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E4%BC%98%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20--------%20%7C%20--------------------------%20%7C%20----------------------------------------------------%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%20%7C%20%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%BA%20%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%E9%AB%98%20%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%B5%20%E8%80%97%E6%97%B6%E9%95%BF%20%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%87%8D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%20%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%9F%AD%20%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%91%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%99%AE%E9%80%82%EF%BC%8C%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%B1%20%20%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%20%20%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%20%7C%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E4%BC%9A%E6%8A%8A%E4%B8%A4%E7%B1%BB%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%A5%E7%9C%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E4%B8%8B%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%0A%0A!%5B351ab063ccecbb7bc85dcab72150bf2b.png%5D(en-resource%3A%2F%2Fdatabase%2F1879%3A0)%0A%0A%0A%E5%90%8C%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%8C%E8%A6%81%E5%AF%B9%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%9E%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C**%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81**%0A%0A%E8%80%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%BA%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E7%94%B1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%AF%E4%BF%A1%E6%80%A7%E5%92%8C%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E4%BA%8E%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%AF%E4%BF%A1%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%20%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%9F%0A%0A%E5%BD%93%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF**%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5**%0A%0A%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%A2%E5%9C%A8%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E6%97%B6%E5%B8%B8%E4%BC%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%88%B0%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E4%BC%98%E6%83%A0%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%A2%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%A5%E9%94%80%E7%AD%89%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E7%94%A8%E5%88%B0%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%81%9A%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E5%B0%BD%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%A9%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD%E5%A4%9F%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E3%80%82%E9%82%A3%E4%B9%88%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E5%92%8C%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%91%A2%EF%BC%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%88Sampling%20Error%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%94%B1%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%9D%A5%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E8%AE%A4%E4%B8%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%86%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%A4%E7%B1%BB%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E7%B1%BB%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Probability%20Samling%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%B1%BB%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Non-probability%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8B%E9%9D%A2%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E4%B8%A4%E7%A7%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%0A%0A%E9%A1%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E4%B9%9F%E8%A2%AB%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E4%BB%8E%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%98%AF%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E3%80%82%E4%B9%9F%E6%98%AF%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E8%A2%AB%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E3%80%82%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%8C%E7%B2%BE%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%80%E5%BE%80%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E8%80%97%E8%B4%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%B9%9F%E4%BC%9A%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%8F%E9%AB%98%E3%80%82%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E8%99%BD%E7%84%B6%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%AC%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%83%E5%B8%B8%E5%B8%B8%E5%8F%97%E9%99%90%E4%BA%8E%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%BB%8F%E8%B4%B9%E3%80%81%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%9D%E5%AF%86%E6%80%A7%E7%AD%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E8%80%8C%E9%9A%BE%E4%BB%A5%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%0A%0A%E5%92%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%8D%EF%BC%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E3%80%81%E6%98%93%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E3%80%82%E5%AE%83%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8C%85%E6%8B%AC%E5%AF%B9%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E8%80%83%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E8%AE%BE%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%90%88%E9%80%82%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%B6%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8D%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%EF%BC%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E6%98%AF%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%9A%84%E3%80%82%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E8%BF%98%E6%98%AF%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E%E4%BA%86%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E4%BE%9D%E7%84%B6%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%85%85%E8%B6%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E8%AE%BE%E5%AE%9A%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E7%9A%84%E9%85%8D%E6%AF%94%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%9C%89%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%EF%BC%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BF%9D%E8%AF%81%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%94%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A3%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%8D%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%EF%BC%8C%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%BE%80%E5%BE%80%E4%B9%9F%E6%9C%89%E8%B6%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%E5%8F%A6%E5%A4%96%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E8%99%BD%E7%84%B6%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%A1%E9%87%8F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%9B%B4%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E5%9C%B0%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%9D%9E%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%88Non-sampling%20Error%EF%BC%89%E3%80%82%0A%0A**%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB**%0A%0A%7C%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E4%BC%98%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20----------%20%7C%20----------------------------%20%7C%20-------------------------------%20%7C%20-------------------------------------------------%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%82%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%B5%20%E8%80%97%E6%97%B6%E9%95%BF%20%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%20%E5%B1%80%E9%99%90%E5%A4%9A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%20%7C%20%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%20%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%9F%AD%20%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%20%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%BA%20%7C%20%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%A1%E9%87%8F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%20%20%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%AE%A1%E8%B0%AC%E8%AF%AF%20%E5%AF%B9%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E9%AB%98%20%7C%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A**%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E4%BA%86%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B4%E7%A7%8D**%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Simaple%20Random%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%9A%84%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%94%A8%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%9D%A5%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%0A%24%24%0An%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B(Z_%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B2%7D%7D)%5E2%20%5Calpha%5E2%7D%7BE%5E2%7D%0A%24%24%0A%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%ADn%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%24Z_%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B2%7D%7D%24%0A%0A%E4%B8%BA%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%96%E5%80%BC%E4%B8%BA1.96%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B395%25%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%EF%BC%89%24%5Calpha%24%0A%0A%E4%B8%BA%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%B7%AE%24E%24%0A%E4%B8%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%0A%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0n%E5%92%8CE%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%92%E7%9B%B8%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC%0A%0A%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E6%98%AF%E5%9D%87%E7%AD%89%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E5%90%AC%E4%B8%8A%E5%8E%BB%E4%BC%BC%E4%B9%8E%E5%BE%88%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E4%B8%8A%E8%A6%81%E5%81%9A%E5%88%B0%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93%E3%80%82%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E6%94%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E8%A7%82%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%AD%89%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%9D%87%E5%8C%80%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%AD%89%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E6%9D%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E4%B8%AD%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E9%9A%BE%E4%BB%A5%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B7%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Stratifide%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E6%AD%A3%E5%A6%82%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E6%80%BB%E6%98%AF%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%8C%89%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%88%86%E6%88%90%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E5%B1%82%E3%80%82%E5%B1%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B1%82%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E6%98%8E%E6%98%BE%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E5%B1%82%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%9B%B8%E8%BF%91%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%A3%E4%B9%88%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E5%B1%82%E5%81%9A%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E7%A1%AE%E8%AE%A4%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%8C%89%E7%85%A7%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E6%9D%A5%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E9%83%BD%E7%9B%B8%E7%AD%89%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E6%8C%89%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%AF%8F%E5%B1%82%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%A4%9A%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%BE%88%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%9A%84%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E8%80%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%9B%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E6%95%B0%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E5%B0%91%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%A3%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%B0%B1%E8%A6%81%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%8C%89%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E9%97%B4%E5%91%88%E7%8E%B0%E6%98%8E%E6%98%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E7%B1%BB%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%A3%E4%B9%88%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%9B%B4%E5%A5%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%8C%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%B8%A6%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E6%88%96%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%9F%E6%98%AF%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E3%80%82%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%9C%A8%E5%AF%B9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%98%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E7%BA%BF%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%EF%BC%8C%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Systematic%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E9%99%A4%E4%BA%86%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%EF%BC%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%9F%E5%AF%B9%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%86%E6%94%B9%E8%BF%9B%E3%80%82%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8D%E7%84%B6%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%BC%96%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C%E7%84%B6%E5%90%8E%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E9%97%B4%E8%B7%9D%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E5%8F%88%E5%8F%AB%E7%AD%89%E8%B7%9D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E4%BA%86%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E5%92%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8D%E8%BF%87%EF%BC%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%BE%88%E5%B0%91%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%8D%95%E7%8B%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E6%98%AF%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%80%E8%B5%B7%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Multi-stage%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E5%89%8D%E9%9D%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%BB%9F%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E5%8D%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E7%84%B6%E8%80%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%9B%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E5%86%85%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E8%AF%95%E7%82%B9%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%88%86%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5%E5%9C%B0%E5%8E%BB%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%A6%96%E5%85%88%E6%8A%8A%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E6%88%90%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%87%A0%E4%B8%AA%E3%80%82%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E2%80%9D%0A%0A%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E8%A6%81%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E8%99%BD%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%A4%E8%80%85%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E3%80%82%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%98%AF%E6%8C%89%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E5%88%86%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E3%80%82%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B9%9F%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%E6%89%8D%E4%BC%9A%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%88%99%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%AE%83%E6%98%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%AA%E5%A4%A7%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%80%E4%BB%A5%E6%89%8D%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%AD%A5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E2%80%9D%E5%B0%B1%E4%BC%9A%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%8F%E3%80%82%0A%0A!%5B1f5edfdb788117dbb101f292b99f2b2f.png%5D(en-resource%3A%2F%2Fdatabase%2F1877%3A0)%0A%0A%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%20%E4%BE%8B%E9%A2%98%E7%B2%BE%E8%AE%B2%0A%0A**1.%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%89**%0A%0AA.%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%80%A7%0A%0AB.%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%82%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%0A%0AC.%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%90%9C%E9%9B%86%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE%0A%0AD.%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%EF%BC%8C%E6%90%9C%E9%9B%86%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%0A%0A**2.%E4%B8%8E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%AF%94%EF%BC%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%89**%0A%0AA.%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E9%AB%98%0A%0AB.%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%82%E5%90%88%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%0A%0AC.%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E6%98%AF%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%0A%0AD.%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%82%E5%90%8C%0A%0A**3.%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1A%E5%B8%82%E6%84%BF%E6%84%8F%E5%9D%90%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%90%9C%E9%9B%86%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%9F**%0A%0AA.%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%0A%0AB.%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%0A%0AC.%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%0A%0AD.%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AC%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%83%E8%99%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E5%92%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%BF%B0%E9%80%89%E9%A1%B9%E4%B8%AD%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%9C%80%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%EF%BC%8C%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%80%83%E8%99%91%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%B0%BD%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E4%BF%9D%E8%AF%81%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E5%9D%87%E7%AD%89%0A%0A**4.%E7%94%A8%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E8%A6%81%E4%BD%BF%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E50%25%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%B0%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%89%E5%80%8D**%0A%0AA.0.5%0A%0AB.%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%98%0A%0AC.2%0A%0AD.4%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%0A%24%24%0An%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B(Z_%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B2%7D%7D)%5E2%20%5Calpha%5E2%7D%7BE%5E2%7D%0A%24%24%0A%0A%0A%E5%BE%97%E5%87%BA%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E50%25%EF%BC%8C%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%B0%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%844%E5%80%8D%0A%0A**5.%E6%9F%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%B6%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%9F%90%E7%A7%8D%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E5%9C%A8%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%A0%E6%9C%89%E7%8E%87%EF%BC%8C%E8%AF%B7%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%8B%E9%9D%A2%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%9F**%0A%0AA.%E4%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%961000%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%0A%0AB.%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E8%BF%99%E7%B1%BB%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%0A%0AC.%E4%BB%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%0A%0AD.%E9%92%88%E5%AF%B9%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%8C%E6%8E%92%E9%99%A4%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E5%91%98%E4%B8%8A%E9%97%A8%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AABD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89C%E6%98%AF%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7

    <html><head>  <title>Evernote Export</title>  <basefont face="微软雅黑" size="2" />  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />  <meta name="exporter-version" content="YXBJ Windows/600753 (zh-CN, DDL); Windows/10.0.0 (Win64);"/>  <meta name="content-class" content="yinxiang.markdown"/>  <style>    body, td {      font-family: 微软雅黑;      font-size: 10pt;    }  </style></head><body><a name="1875"/>
    <div><span><div style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; 100%;"><h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">【数据分析师 Level 1 】3-1.数据采集方法</h3><h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">数据的来源</h4><h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">一手数据 VS 二手数据</h5><ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;"><li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">一手数据（Primary data）</strong><ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"><li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">也称为原始数据，顾名思义，是指直接获取，没有经过加工或者第三方传递获得的数据。比如传统调研中的问卷测评、小组访谈、面对面沟通等形式获得的数据，或者是互联网时代用户直接填写的个人信息数据以及平台抓取得行为数据等等</li></ul></li><li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">二手数据（Secondary data）</strong><ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"><li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">主要是相对于一手数据而言，指的是通过第三方或者是现有的数据资料获取的数据。比如国家统计局数据、知名文献中罗列的数据等等。一手数据的来源渠道，一般比较固定，往往是和自身直接相关。比如搭建的网站、组织的活动，开展的调研等。而二手数据则相对比较多样化，凡是会产出数据相关信息的第三方机构都可以作为来源渠道。</li></ul></li></ul><h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">优劣势分析</h5><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">一手数据和二手数据，在实际应用中都是非常重要的。他们不同的优缺点，可以很好地互补，从而帮助企业在效果和效率间找到比较好的平衡</p><table style="margin: 2px 0 14px; color: #333; auto; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box;"><thead style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;"></th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">优点</th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">缺点</th></tr></thead><tbody style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">一手数据</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">相关性强 准确度高 理解准确</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">成本贵 耗时长 清洗工作重</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">二手数据</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">成本低 时间短 清洗工作少</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">比较普适，相关性弱  准确度不可控制  理解可能存在偏差</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在实际项目中，一般会把两类数据进行结合，总结来看，一手和二手数据的选择，可以参考下图的形式判断</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><img src="【数据分析师 Level 1 】3-1_files/一手数据和二手数据.png" type="image/png" data-filename="一手数据和二手数据.png"/></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">同时，在一手数据的使用过程中，需要特别注意的是，要对采集回来的数据进行<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">逻辑合理性验证</strong></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">而二手数据，因为收集的过程由第三方完成。因此数据的可信性和准确度，就依赖于第三方机构的可信性。</p><h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">抽样方法</h4><h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">如何获取一手数据？</h5><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">当我们需要获取一手数据的时候，一种常见的方式就是<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">抽样调查</strong></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">抽样调查不止在传统行业中比较常用，在现在的互联网企业中也时常会用到。比如一些优惠活动或者特定客群营销等方案的测试，就需要用到抽样的方式选择测试群体。在做抽样调查时，我们都希望尽可能地减少误差，让抽样的样本能够充分代表整体的特征。那么误差和哪些因素相关呢，抽样误差（Sampling Error）的大小，主要由样本容量的大小和抽样方式来决定。</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">一般，我们认为抽样可以分为两类：一类我们叫做概率抽样（Probability Samling），也叫做客观抽样。第二类，我们叫做非概率抽样（Non-probability Sampling），也叫做主观抽样。下面我们介绍两种抽样方法</p><h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">概率抽样</h5><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">顾名思义，是一种基于概率的抽样方式，因此也被称为客观抽样。从理论的角度来说，概率抽样是符合科学和统计原则的，抽样误差可以估计。也是在可能的情况下，最优先被推荐使用的抽样方法。但是，精确度高的方法，往往操作的复杂度和耗费的成本也会相对偏高。概率抽样，虽然可以避免主观判断带来的谬误，但是它常常受限于项目经费、时间和保密性等原则，从而难以实际使用</p><h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">非概率抽样</h5><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">和概率抽样相反，非概率抽样是一种简单、易使用的抽样方式。它主要通过抽样者的判断，包括对样本特征的判断和对项目成本的考量，综合特殊的要求或者设定，最终选择合适的样本。因此，这种方法会收到主观因素的影响，不符合统计科学的原则，抽样误差是无法估计和计算的。但是在实际应用中，大量的案例还是证明了非概率误差依然有一定的有效性。在样本量充足的前提下，通过设定简单的配比，以及选择有经验的抽样者，基本上可以保证抽样结果的有效性。而且由于非概率抽样比较容易重复操作，因此用此飞概率抽样反复进行同一试验，结果往往也有趋同性。另外，这一抽样方式，虽然无法衡量抽样误差，但是由于抽样过程可以进行设计和控制，因此可以更简单有效地控制非抽样误差（Non-sampling Error）。</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">总结来说，概率抽样和非概率抽样，我们可以通过以下的表格进行区别</strong></p><table style="margin: 2px 0 14px; color: #333; auto; border-collapse: collapse; box-sizing: border-box;"><thead style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;"></th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">特点</th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">优点</th><th style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #72777b; border-top: 0; background-color: #7b8184; font-weight: 300; color: #fff; padding-top: 6px;">缺点</th></tr></thead><tbody style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">概率抽样</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">根据科学原则抽取样本</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">抽样误差可以估计客观</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">成本贵 耗时长 操作复杂 局限多</td></tr><tr style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">非概率抽样</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">根据抽样者的主观判断抽取样本</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">成本低 时间短 操作简单 可行性强</td><td style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; padding: 5px 14px 5px 12px; border: 1px solid #eaeaea;">无法衡量抽样误差  存在主管谬误 对抽样者经验要求高</td></tr></tbody></table><h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">概率抽样方法</h5><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">介绍了概率抽样和非概率抽样之后，我们重点看一下概率抽样方法，常用的概率抽样方法主要有以下4种</strong></p><h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">简单随机抽样（Simaple Random Sampling）</h6><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">使用简单随机抽样方式进行抽样，总体中的每个样本都有同等的被抽取到的机会。因此，可以用以下的公式，来确定样本量和抽样误差之间的关系</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><span style="display: block; margin: 1em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><span style="font: normal 1.21em KaTeX_Main,Times New Roman,serif; white-space: nowrap; text-indent: 0; text-rendering: auto; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; text-align: initial;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; position: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.5949079999999998em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.2809079999999997em; vertical-align: -0.686em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">n</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; border: 0 solid; position: relative; margin-right: 0.2777777777777778em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">=</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; border: 0 solid; position: relative; margin-right: 0.2777777777777778em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 1.5949079999999998em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.314em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.05764em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">E</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.740108em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.9890000000000003em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 2.7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.15em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; 100%; position: relative; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; height: 0.2em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%22400em%22%20height%3D%220.2em%22%20viewbox%3D%220%200%20400000%20200%22%20preserveaspectratio%3D%22xMinYMin%20slice%22%20style%3D%22display%3A%20block%3B%20position%3A%20absolute%3B%20width%3A%20100%25%3B%20fill%3A%20currentColor%3B%20stroke%3A%20currentColor%3B%20fill-rule%3A%20nonzero%3B%20fill-opacity%3A%201%3B%20stroke-width%3A%201%3B%20stroke-linecap%3A%20butt%3B%20stroke-linejoin%3A%20miter%3B%20stroke-miterlimit%3A%204%3B%20stroke-dasharray%3A%20none%3B%20stroke-dashoffset%3A%200%3B%20stroke-opacity%3A%201%3B%20line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%20M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%22%20style%3D%22line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20stroke%3A%20none%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" style=" 100%;"></img></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.7808em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">(</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.07153em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">Z</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.33408000000000004em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.85em; margin-left: -0.07153em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; font-size: 1.42857143em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.6915428571428572em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.656em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .71428571em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.1275em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; 100%; position: relative; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; height: 0.245em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%22400em%22%20height%3D%220.245em%22%20viewbox%3D%220%200%20400000%20200%22%20preserveaspectratio%3D%22xMinYMin%20slice%22%20style%3D%22display%3A%20block%3B%20position%3A%20absolute%3B%20width%3A%20100%25%3B%20fill%3A%20currentColor%3B%20stroke%3A%20currentColor%3B%20fill-rule%3A%20nonzero%3B%20fill-opacity%3A%201%3B%20stroke-width%3A%201%3B%20stroke-linecap%3A%20butt%3B%20stroke-linejoin%3A%20miter%3B%20stroke-miterlimit%3A%204%3B%20stroke-dasharray%3A%20none%3B%20stroke-dashoffset%3A%200%3B%20stroke-opacity%3A%201%3B%20line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%20M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%22%20style%3D%22line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20stroke%3A%20none%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" style=" 100%;"></img></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.384em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .71428571em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.0037em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">α</span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.344em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; font-size: 1.42857143em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.3907999999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">)</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.8141079999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 2.7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.0037em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">α</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.8141079999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 2.7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.686em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">其中n表示样本量<span style="font: normal 1.21em KaTeX_Main,Times New Roman,serif; white-space: nowrap; text-indent: 0; text-rendering: auto; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; position: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.68333em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.0741299999999998em; vertical-align: -0.3907999999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.07153em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">Z</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.33408000000000004em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.85em; margin-left: -0.07153em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; font-size: 1.42857143em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.6915428571428572em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.656em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .71428571em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.1275em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; 100%; position: relative; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; height: 0.245em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%22400em%22%20height%3D%220.245em%22%20viewbox%3D%220%200%20400000%20200%22%20preserveaspectratio%3D%22xMinYMin%20slice%22%20style%3D%22display%3A%20block%3B%20position%3A%20absolute%3B%20width%3A%20100%25%3B%20fill%3A%20currentColor%3B%20stroke%3A%20currentColor%3B%20fill-rule%3A%20nonzero%3B%20fill-opacity%3A%201%3B%20stroke-width%3A%201%3B%20stroke-linecap%3A%20butt%3B%20stroke-linejoin%3A%20miter%3B%20stroke-miterlimit%3A%204%3B%20stroke-dasharray%3A%20none%3B%20stroke-dashoffset%3A%200%3B%20stroke-opacity%3A%201%3B%20line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%20M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%22%20style%3D%22line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20stroke%3A%20none%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" style=" 100%;"></img></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.384em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .71428571em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.0037em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">α</span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.344em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; font-size: 1.42857143em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.3907999999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">为置信区间，如果没有指定，一般常用取值为1.96（即95%置信区间）<span style="font: normal 1.21em KaTeX_Main,Times New Roman,serif; white-space: nowrap; text-indent: 0; text-rendering: auto; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; position: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.43056em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.43056em; vertical-align: 0em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.0037em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">α</span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">为总体标准差<span style="font: normal 1.21em KaTeX_Main,Times New Roman,serif; white-space: nowrap; text-indent: 0; text-rendering: auto; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; position: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.68333em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.05764em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">E</span></span></span></span><br/>为抽样误差范围<br/>因此根据这个公式，可以实现n和E之间的互相推导</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">简单随机抽样中，默认了一个假设，也就是被抽中的机会是均等的，听上去似乎很正常，但是实际上要做到这一点，并不容易。由于改的外观特征和抽样者的心理因素等影响，每个个体被抽到的机会并不是均匀地。因此在实际应用中，通常用抽签或者随机数等形式来进行操作，减少偏差。这样的形式，也决定了在大型调研中简单随机抽样的方式比较难以采用，一般多应用于小型的调研，或者测试客户群体选择等。</p><h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">分层抽样（Stratifide Sampling）</h6><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">正如之前提到的，简单随机抽样的假设并不总是成立，如果总体可以按照一些特征分成若干层。层与层之间差异明显，每个层内部的个体特征相近，那么我们可以对每个层做简单随机抽样。抽样结果合并的集合，就是我们最终确认的抽样样本。</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在实际操作中，我们可以按照每一层的个体数量来决定抽取数量，是的每个层抽取的比例都相等，这样的抽样我们叫做按比例分层抽样。一般，如果每层重要性差不多，数量差异也不是很大的情况下，我们都是这样操作的。</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">而如果有一些层非常重要，或者有些层的个体数非常少，那我们就要采用非按比例分层抽样的方法。</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">如果总体中个体间呈现明显的几类，那么使用分层抽样可以更好地反映总体，避免随机抽样可能带来的样本集中或特征缺失的情况。因此，在概率抽样中，分层抽样也是使用最多的一种。我们在对城市，或者是大型的业务线进行研究的时候，都可以采用分层抽样。</p><h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">系统抽样（Systematic Sampling）</h6><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">除了分层抽样之外，系统抽样也对简单随机抽样，进行了改进。使用系统抽样的时候，仍然需要将个体进行编号，然后根据抽样样本容量决定抽样的间距。因此又叫等距抽样或者机械抽样。这种方法，减少了抽样过程中的人力和时间消耗。不过，系统抽样一般很少作为单独的抽样方法是用，通常是配合其他方法一起进行。</p><h6 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 13px; color: #333;">分段抽样（Multi-stage Sampling）</h6><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">前面提到的，都是一次性抽取完成样本的方法，这些方法可以统称为单阶段抽样。然而在有些情况下，我们并不能一次性完成样本的抽取，比如在全国范围内选择一定数量的用户作为试点调查。这个时候我们需要分阶段地去完成抽样过程，这种方法，我们叫做分段抽样。</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">分段抽样，我们首先把总体划分成一些大小差不多的群体。在这些群体中随机抽取几个。被抽中的群体，就作为下一步进行随机抽样的“总体”</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">因此，在学习过程中，一定要注意区分分段抽样和分层抽样。虽然两者都是对总体进行了一定的划分。但是分层抽样是按照一定特征进行划分，划分的目的是为了避免特征的过分集中和缺失。抽取的过程也是一步完成的，只有在分层之后才会进行随机抽样。而分段抽样则不同，它是由于总体太大，无法直接进行抽取，所以才需要进行多步抽样。每一次对总体的划分都是为了进行随机抽取，而抽取后，下一步的“总体”就会得到一定程度的减小。</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><img src="【数据分析师 Level 1 】3-1_files/选择抽样方法.png" type="image/png" data-filename="选择抽样方法.png"/></p><h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">例题精讲</h4><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">1.二手数据的特点是（）</strong></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">A.数据缺乏可靠性</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">B.不适合自己的研究需要</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">C.采集数据的成本低，但搜集比较困难</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">D.采集数据的成本低，搜集比较容易</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">答案：D</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">解析：熟悉一手数据和二手数据的特点</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">2.与概率抽样相比，非概率抽样的缺点是（）</strong></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">A.调查成本比较高</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">B.不适合探索性研究</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">C.样本统计量的分布是确定的</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">D.无法使用样本的结果对总体相应的参数进行推断</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">答案：D</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">解析：熟悉概率抽样和非概率抽样的异同</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">3.为了估计A市愿意坐地铁上下班的人数的比例，在收集数据时，最有可能采用的数据搜集方法是？</strong></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">A.普查</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">B.实验</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">C.随机抽样</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">D.公开发表的资料</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">答案：C</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">解析：在不考虑人力和时间的前提下，上述选项中操作最简单，需要考虑的问题最少的是随机抽样，也能尽可能保证每个个体被抽中的可能性均等</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">4.用简单随机重复抽样方法抽取样本单位，如果要使抽样平均误差降低50%，则样本容量需要扩大到原来的（）倍</strong></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">A.0.5</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">B.不变</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">C.2</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">D.4</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">答案：D</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">解析：根据简单随机抽样的样本量确定公式</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><span style="display: block; margin: 1em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;"><span style="font: normal 1.21em KaTeX_Main,Times New Roman,serif; white-space: nowrap; text-indent: 0; text-rendering: auto; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; text-align: initial;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; position: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 1.5949079999999998em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; height: 2.2809079999999997em; vertical-align: -0.686em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">n</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; border: 0 solid; position: relative; margin-right: 0.2777777777777778em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">=</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; border: 0 solid; position: relative; margin-right: 0.2777777777777778em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 1.5949079999999998em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.314em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.05764em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">E</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.740108em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.9890000000000003em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 2.7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.15em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; 100%; position: relative; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; height: 0.2em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%22400em%22%20height%3D%220.2em%22%20viewbox%3D%220%200%20400000%20200%22%20preserveaspectratio%3D%22xMinYMin%20slice%22%20style%3D%22display%3A%20block%3B%20position%3A%20absolute%3B%20width%3A%20100%25%3B%20fill%3A%20currentColor%3B%20stroke%3A%20currentColor%3B%20fill-rule%3A%20nonzero%3B%20fill-opacity%3A%201%3B%20stroke-width%3A%201%3B%20stroke-linecap%3A%20butt%3B%20stroke-linejoin%3A%20miter%3B%20stroke-miterlimit%3A%204%3B%20stroke-dasharray%3A%20none%3B%20stroke-dashoffset%3A%200%3B%20stroke-opacity%3A%201%3B%20line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%20M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%22%20style%3D%22line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20stroke%3A%20none%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" style=" 100%;"></img></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.7808em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">(</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.07153em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">Z</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.33408000000000004em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.85em; margin-left: -0.07153em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; font-size: 1.42857143em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; margin-right: -2px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.6915428571428572em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -2.656em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .71428571em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.1275em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; 100%; position: relative; overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; height: 0.245em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><img src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%22400em%22%20height%3D%220.245em%22%20viewbox%3D%220%200%20400000%20200%22%20preserveaspectratio%3D%22xMinYMin%20slice%22%20style%3D%22display%3A%20block%3B%20position%3A%20absolute%3B%20width%3A%20100%25%3B%20fill%3A%20currentColor%3B%20stroke%3A%20currentColor%3B%20fill-rule%3A%20nonzero%3B%20fill-opacity%3A%201%3B%20stroke-width%3A%201%3B%20stroke-linecap%3A%20butt%3B%20stroke-linejoin%3A%20miter%3B%20stroke-miterlimit%3A%204%3B%20stroke-dasharray%3A%20none%3B%20stroke-dashoffset%3A%200%3B%20stroke-opacity%3A%201%3B%20line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%20M0%2080H400000%20v40H0z%22%20style%3D%22line-height%3A%20160%25%3B%20box-sizing%3A%20content-box%3B%20stroke%3A%20none%3B%20-ms-high-contrast-adjust%3A%20none%3B%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E" style=" 100%;"></img></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.384em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 3em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .71428571em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.0037em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">α</span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.344em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; font-size: 1.42857143em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.3907999999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">)</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.8141079999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 2.7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: KaTeX_Math; font-style: italic; margin-right: 0.0037em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">α</span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; text-align: left; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-table; table-layout: fixed; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.8141079999999999em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; height: 0; position: relative; top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; 0; height: 2.7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; font-size: .7em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; font-size: 1px; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;">​</span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-row; text-align: center; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; vertical-align: bottom; position: relative; height: 0.686em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; .12em; -ms-high-contrast-adjust: none;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">得出误差降低50%，样本量需要扩大到原来的4倍</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">5.某公司希望估计其生产的某种面向企业用户的产品在市场上的占有率，请问下面哪些抽样方法是不合理的？</strong></p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">A.从公司客户数据库中随机抽取1000家企业用户进行调研</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">B.调研市场上的所有上市公司对于这类产品的使用情况</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">C.从市场中的企业中随机抽取调研企业</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">D.针对熟悉的企业，排除调研员上门调研</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">答案：ABD</p><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">解析：只有C是随机抽样</p></div><center style="display:none !important;visibility:collapse !important;height:0 !important;white-space:nowrap;100%;overflow:hidden">%23%23%23%20%E3%80%90%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%B8%88%20Level%201%20%E3%80%913-1.%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%20%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%20VS%20%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%0A%0A*%20**%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%88Primary%20data%EF%BC%89**%0A%20%20*%20%E4%B9%9F%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E9%A1%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF%E6%8C%87%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E7%BB%8F%E8%BF%87%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%B7%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%84%E3%80%81%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%BF%E8%B0%88%E3%80%81%E9%9D%A2%E5%AF%B9%E9%9D%A2%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A%E7%AD%89%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%98%AF%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%A1%AB%E5%86%99%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%E6%8A%93%E5%8F%96%E5%BE%97%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%AD%89%E7%AD%89%0A*%20**%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%88Secondary%20data%EF%BC%89**%0A%20%20*%20%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%98%AF%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%80%8C%E8%A8%80%EF%BC%8C%E6%8C%87%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%98%AF%E7%8E%B0%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%81%E7%9F%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%BD%97%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%AD%89%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E6%B8%A0%E9%81%93%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%80%E5%BE%80%E6%98%AF%E5%92%8C%E8%87%AA%E8%BA%AB%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E3%80%81%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%9A%84%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%EF%BC%8C%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%95%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%88%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%A1%E6%98%AF%E4%BC%9A%E4%BA%A7%E5%87%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E6%B8%A0%E9%81%93%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%A3%E5%8A%BF%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%0A%0A%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E3%80%82%E4%BB%96%E4%BB%AC%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%98%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%BE%88%E5%A5%BD%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E8%80%8C%E5%B8%AE%E5%8A%A9%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%A8%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C%E5%92%8C%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E9%97%B4%E6%89%BE%E5%88%B0%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%A5%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%0A%0A%0A%0A%7C%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E4%BC%98%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20--------%20%7C%20--------------------------%20%7C%20----------------------------------------------------%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%20%7C%20%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%BA%20%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%E9%AB%98%20%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%B5%20%E8%80%97%E6%97%B6%E9%95%BF%20%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E9%87%8D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%20%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%9F%AD%20%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%91%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%99%AE%E9%80%82%EF%BC%8C%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%B1%20%20%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%20%20%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%20%7C%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E4%BC%9A%E6%8A%8A%E4%B8%A4%E7%B1%BB%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%A5%E7%9C%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E4%B8%8B%E5%9B%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%0A%0A!%5B351ab063ccecbb7bc85dcab72150bf2b.png%5D(en-resource%3A%2F%2Fdatabase%2F1879%3A0)%0A%0A%0A%E5%90%8C%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%8C%E8%A6%81%E5%AF%B9%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%9E%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C**%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81**%0A%0A%E8%80%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%BA%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E7%94%B1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%AF%E4%BF%A1%E6%80%A7%E5%92%8C%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E4%BA%8E%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%AF%E4%BF%A1%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%20%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%EF%BC%9F%0A%0A%E5%BD%93%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF**%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5**%0A%0A%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%8D%E6%AD%A2%E5%9C%A8%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%9F%E6%97%B6%E5%B8%B8%E4%BC%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%88%B0%E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E4%BC%98%E6%83%A0%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%A2%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%A5%E9%94%80%E7%AD%89%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E7%94%A8%E5%88%B0%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%81%9A%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E5%B0%BD%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%A9%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD%E5%A4%9F%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E3%80%82%E9%82%A3%E4%B9%88%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E5%92%8C%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%91%A2%EF%BC%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%88Sampling%20Error%EF%BC%89%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%94%B1%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%9D%A5%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E8%AE%A4%E4%B8%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%88%86%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%A4%E7%B1%BB%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E7%B1%BB%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Probability%20Samling%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%B1%BB%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Non-probability%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8B%E9%9D%A2%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E4%B8%A4%E7%A7%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%0A%0A%E9%A1%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E4%B9%9F%E8%A2%AB%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E4%BB%8E%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%98%AF%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E3%80%82%E4%B9%9F%E6%98%AF%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E8%A2%AB%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E3%80%82%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%8C%E7%B2%BE%E7%A1%AE%E5%BA%A6%E9%AB%98%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%80%E5%BE%80%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E8%80%97%E8%B4%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%B9%9F%E4%BC%9A%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%8F%E9%AB%98%E3%80%82%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E8%99%BD%E7%84%B6%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%AC%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%83%E5%B8%B8%E5%B8%B8%E5%8F%97%E9%99%90%E4%BA%8E%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%BB%8F%E8%B4%B9%E3%80%81%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%9D%E5%AF%86%E6%80%A7%E7%AD%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8E%E8%80%8C%E9%9A%BE%E4%BB%A5%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%0A%0A%E5%92%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%8D%EF%BC%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E3%80%81%E6%98%93%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E3%80%82%E5%AE%83%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%8C%85%E6%8B%AC%E5%AF%B9%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E8%80%83%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E7%9A%84%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E8%AE%BE%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%90%88%E9%80%82%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%B6%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8D%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%EF%BC%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E6%98%AF%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%9A%84%E3%80%82%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B%E8%BF%98%E6%98%AF%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E%E4%BA%86%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E4%BE%9D%E7%84%B6%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%85%85%E8%B6%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E8%AE%BE%E5%AE%9A%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E7%9A%84%E9%85%8D%E6%AF%94%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E6%9C%89%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%EF%BC%8C%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BF%9D%E8%AF%81%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%94%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A3%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%8D%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%EF%BC%8C%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%BE%80%E5%BE%80%E4%B9%9F%E6%9C%89%E8%B6%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E3%80%82%E5%8F%A6%E5%A4%96%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E8%99%BD%E7%84%B6%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%A1%E9%87%8F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%9B%B4%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E5%9C%B0%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%9D%9E%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%EF%BC%88Non-sampling%20Error%EF%BC%89%E3%80%82%0A%0A**%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%B4%EF%BC%8C%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB**%0A%0A%7C%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E4%BC%98%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20----------%20%7C%20----------------------------%20%7C%20-------------------------------%20%7C%20-------------------------------------------------%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%82%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%B5%20%E8%80%97%E6%97%B6%E9%95%BF%20%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%20%E5%B1%80%E9%99%90%E5%A4%9A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7C%0A%7C%20%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%20%7C%20%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%82%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%20%7C%20%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%20%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%9F%AD%20%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%20%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%BC%BA%20%7C%20%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%A1%E9%87%8F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%20%20%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%AE%A1%E8%B0%AC%E8%AF%AF%20%E5%AF%B9%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E9%AB%98%20%7C%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%20%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%0A%0A**%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E4%BA%86%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B4%E7%A7%8D**%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Simaple%20Random%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8C%E7%AD%89%E7%9A%84%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%94%A8%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%9D%A5%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%0A%24%24%0An%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B(Z_%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B2%7D%7D)%5E2%20%5Calpha%5E2%7D%7BE%5E2%7D%0A%24%24%0A%E5%85%B6%E4%B8%ADn%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%24Z_%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B2%7D%7D%24%0A%0A%E4%B8%BA%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%96%E5%80%BC%E4%B8%BA1.96%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B395%25%E7%BD%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%B4%EF%BC%89%24%5Calpha%24%0A%0A%E4%B8%BA%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%B7%AE%24E%24%0A%E4%B8%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%0A%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0n%E5%92%8CE%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%92%E7%9B%B8%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC%0A%0A%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E6%98%AF%E5%9D%87%E7%AD%89%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E5%90%AC%E4%B8%8A%E5%8E%BB%E4%BC%BC%E4%B9%8E%E5%BE%88%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E4%B8%8A%E8%A6%81%E5%81%9A%E5%88%B0%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%80%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93%E3%80%82%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E6%94%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E8%A7%82%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%92%8C%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0%E7%AD%89%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%9D%87%E5%8C%80%E5%9C%B0%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%AD%89%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E6%9D%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E4%BA%86%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E4%B8%AD%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E9%9A%BE%E4%BB%A5%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B7%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%AD%89%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Stratifide%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E6%AD%A3%E5%A6%82%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%81%87%E8%AE%BE%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E6%80%BB%E6%98%AF%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%8C%89%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%88%86%E6%88%90%E8%8B%A5%E5%B9%B2%E5%B1%82%E3%80%82%E5%B1%82%E4%B8%8E%E5%B1%82%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E6%98%8E%E6%98%BE%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E5%B1%82%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%9B%B8%E8%BF%91%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%A3%E4%B9%88%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E5%B1%82%E5%81%9A%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E6%9C%80%E7%BB%88%E7%A1%AE%E8%AE%A4%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%8C%89%E7%85%A7%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%80%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E6%9D%A5%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%98%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E9%83%BD%E7%9B%B8%E7%AD%89%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E6%8C%89%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%AF%8F%E5%B1%82%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%A4%9A%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E5%BE%88%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%9A%84%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E8%80%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E5%B1%82%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%9B%E5%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E6%95%B0%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E5%B0%91%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%A3%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%B0%B1%E8%A6%81%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%8C%89%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E9%97%B4%E5%91%88%E7%8E%B0%E6%98%8E%E6%98%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E7%B1%BB%EF%BC%8C%E9%82%A3%E4%B9%88%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E6%9B%B4%E5%A5%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%8C%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%B8%A6%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E6%88%96%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%9F%E6%98%AF%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E3%80%82%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%9C%A8%E5%AF%B9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%98%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E7%BA%BF%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%EF%BC%8C%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Systematic%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E9%99%A4%E4%BA%86%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96%EF%BC%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B9%9F%E5%AF%B9%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%86%E6%94%B9%E8%BF%9B%E3%80%82%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%EF%BC%8C%E4%BB%8D%E7%84%B6%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%BC%96%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C%E7%84%B6%E5%90%8E%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E9%97%B4%E8%B7%9D%E3%80%82%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%E5%8F%88%E5%8F%AB%E7%AD%89%E8%B7%9D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%88%96%E8%80%85%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E4%BA%86%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E5%92%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E3%80%82%E4%B8%8D%E8%BF%87%EF%BC%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%BE%88%E5%B0%91%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%8D%95%E7%8B%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%B8%B8%E6%98%AF%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%80%E8%B5%B7%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E3%80%82%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%23%23%20%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%88Multi-stage%20Sampling%EF%BC%89%0A%0A%E5%89%8D%E9%9D%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%B0%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E7%BB%9F%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%BA%E5%8D%95%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E7%84%B6%E8%80%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%9B%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E5%9C%A8%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4%E5%86%85%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E8%AF%95%E7%82%B9%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E3%80%82%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AA%E6%97%B6%E5%80%99%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%88%86%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5%E5%9C%B0%E5%8E%BB%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%99%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%81%9A%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%0A%0A%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E9%A6%96%E5%85%88%E6%8A%8A%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E6%88%90%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%AE%E4%B8%8D%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E3%80%82%E5%9C%A8%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%87%A0%E4%B8%AA%E3%80%82%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%B1%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E2%80%9D%0A%0A%E5%9B%A0%E6%AD%A4%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E8%A6%81%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E8%99%BD%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%A4%E8%80%85%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E3%80%82%E4%BD%86%E6%98%AF%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%98%AF%E6%8C%89%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E5%88%86%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E3%80%82%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B9%9F%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E%E6%89%8D%E4%BC%9A%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E8%80%8C%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%88%99%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%AE%83%E6%98%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%8E%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%AA%E5%A4%A7%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%80%E4%BB%A5%E6%89%8D%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%AD%A5%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E3%80%82%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%EF%BC%8C%E8%80%8C%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E5%90%8E%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A5%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E2%80%9D%E5%B0%B1%E4%BC%9A%E5%BE%97%E5%88%B0%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%8F%E3%80%82%0A%0A!%5B1f5edfdb788117dbb101f292b99f2b2f.png%5D(en-resource%3A%2F%2Fdatabase%2F1877%3A0)%0A%0A%0A%0A%23%23%23%23%20%E4%BE%8B%E9%A2%98%E7%B2%BE%E8%AE%B2%0A%0A**1.%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%89**%0A%0AA.%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%80%A7%0A%0AB.%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%82%E5%90%88%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%0A%0AC.%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E6%90%9C%E9%9B%86%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE%0A%0AD.%E9%87%87%E9%9B%86%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8E%EF%BC%8C%E6%90%9C%E9%9B%86%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E5%AE%B9%E6%98%93%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E4%B8%80%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%0A%0A**2.%E4%B8%8E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%AF%94%EF%BC%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%89**%0A%0AA.%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E9%AB%98%0A%0AB.%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%82%E5%90%88%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%0A%0AC.%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E6%98%AF%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%0A%0AD.%E6%97%A0%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E5%AF%B9%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E7%9B%B8%E5%BA%94%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%92%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%82%E5%90%8C%0A%0A**3.%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1A%E5%B8%82%E6%84%BF%E6%84%8F%E5%9D%90%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E7%8F%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%A8%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E9%87%87%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%90%9C%E9%9B%86%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF%EF%BC%9F**%0A%0AA.%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%0A%0AB.%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%0A%0AC.%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%0A%0AD.%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AC%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%83%E8%99%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E5%92%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%BF%B0%E9%80%89%E9%A1%B9%E4%B8%AD%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%9C%80%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%EF%BC%8C%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%80%83%E8%99%91%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E6%98%AF%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%B0%BD%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E4%BF%9D%E8%AF%81%E6%AF%8F%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93%E8%A2%AB%E6%8A%BD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E5%9D%87%E7%AD%89%0A%0A**4.%E7%94%A8%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%EF%BC%8C%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E8%A6%81%E4%BD%BF%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E50%25%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%99%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%B0%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%88%EF%BC%89%E5%80%8D**%0A%0AA.0.5%0A%0AB.%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%98%0A%0AC.2%0A%0AD.4%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E6%A0%B9%E6%8D%AE%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%0A%24%24%0An%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B(Z_%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Calpha%7D%7B2%7D%7D)%5E2%20%5Calpha%5E2%7D%7BE%5E2%7D%0A%24%24%0A%0A%0A%E5%BE%97%E5%87%BA%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E50%25%EF%BC%8C%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%B0%E5%8E%9F%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%844%E5%80%8D%0A%0A**5.%E6%9F%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%B6%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%9F%90%E7%A7%8D%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E5%9C%A8%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%A0%E6%9C%89%E7%8E%87%EF%BC%8C%E8%AF%B7%E9%97%AE%E4%B8%8B%E9%9D%A2%E5%93%AA%E4%BA%9B%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%EF%BC%9F**%0A%0AA.%E4%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%961000%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%0A%0AB.%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E8%BF%99%E7%B1%BB%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%0A%0AC.%E4%BB%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%0A%0AD.%E9%92%88%E5%AF%B9%E7%86%9F%E6%82%89%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%EF%BC%8C%E6%8E%92%E9%99%A4%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%E5%91%98%E4%B8%8A%E9%97%A8%E8%B0%83%E7%A0%94%0A%0A%E7%AD%94%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%9AABD%0A%0A%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89C%E6%98%AF%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7</center></span></div></body></html> 
  • 相关阅读:
    js 实现继承的6种方式(逐渐优化)
    http2.0 特性
    http 206请求
    http put post请求区别
    stopPropagation 和stopImmediatePropagation区别
    JavaScript事件流
    BFC特性 形成BFC
    元素高度、宽度获取 style currentStyle getComputedStyle getBoundingClientRect
    三栏布局解决方案
    jquery vue 框架区别
  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/pandaboy1123/p/14196667.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知