1、父类、基类、超类 -----> 子类,派生类,继承类
has关系应该使用组合而不是继承,如book类应作为student类的属性而非子类。
总是从某个类继承,如果没有特定的类就从object类继承。
不要忘记调用super().__init__来初始化父类,否则继承类将没有父类的属性。
def __init__(self,args):
super(SubClass,self).__init__(args)
self参数已在super中传入,在__init__中将隐式传递,不需要写出(也不能写)
实例:
class Person(object): def __init__(self, name, gender): self.name = name self.gender = gender class Teacher(Person): def __init__(self, name, gender, course): super(Teacher,self).__init__(name,gender) self.course = course t = Teacher('Alice', 'Female', 'English') print t.name print t.course
2、使用isinstance(object)测试实例属性。
print isinstance(t,Person)
print isinstance(t,Student)
print isinstance(t,Teacher)
print isinstance(t,object)
3、多态(子类和父类同名函数输出不一样)
class Person(object): def __init__(self, name, gender): self.name = name self.gender = gender def whoAmI(self): return 'I am a Person, my name is %s' % self.name class Student(Person): def __init__(self, name, gender, score): super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender) self.score = score def whoAmI(self): return 'I am a Student, my name is %s' % self.name class Teacher(Person): def __init__(self, name, gender, course): super(Teacher, self).__init__(name, gender) self.course = course def whoAmI(self): return 'I am a Teacher, my name is %s' % self.name
def who_am_i(x): print x.whoAmI() p = Person('Tim', 'Male') s = Student('Bob', 'Male', 88) t = Teacher('Alice', 'Female', 'English') who_am_i(p) who_am_i(s) who_am_i(t)
4、python多重继承
多重继承可以组合多个类的功能。
class A(object): def __init__(self, a): print 'init A...' self.a = a class B(A): def __init__(self, a): super(B, self).__init__(a) print 'init B...' class C(A): def __init__(self, a): super(C, self).__init__(a) print 'init C...' class D(B, C): def __init__(self, a): super(D, self).__init__(a) print 'init D...'
A虽然被继承了两次,但它的__init__()只调用了一次。
5、python中获取对象信息
class Person(object): def __init__(self, name, gender): self.name = name self.gender = gender class Student(Person): def __init__(self, name, gender, score): super(Student, self).__init__(name, gender) self.score = score def whoAmI(self): return 'I am a Student, my name is %s' % self.name
s = Student('Bob', 'Male', 88)
使用type()函数获取对象信息,返回一个type对象:
type(s)
使用dir()函数获取变量的所有属性:
dir(s)返回一个字符串
>>> dir(s) ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'gender', 'name', 'score', 'whoAmI']
dir()返回的属性是字符串列表,如果已知一个属性名,要获取或设置对象的属性,就需要getattr()和setattr()函数:
>>> getattr(s, 'name') # 获取name属性 'Bob' >>> setattr(s, 'name', 'Adam') # 设置新的name属性 >>> s.name 'Adam' >>> getattr(s, 'age') # 获取age属性,但是属性不存在,报错: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'age' >>> getattr(s, 'age', 20) # 获取age属性,如果属性不存在,就返回默认值20: 20
在类内部使用setattr 和getattr时,第一个参数为self