随机数
import random #导入random模块
randint(a,b) 返回[a,b]之间的整数
random.randint(0,9)
randrange([start],stop,[step]) 从指定范围内,按指定step基数递增的集合中,获取一个随机数,基数缺省为1
random.randrange(2,15,5)
7
choice(seq) 从非空序列的元素中随机挑选一个元素
random.choice(range(10)) random.choice([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9])
list = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] random.choice(list)
random.shuffle(list) 就地打乱列表元素
list = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
random.shuffle(list)
list
[2, 4, 7, 0, 3, 9, 8, 6, 1, 5]
sample(population,k) 从样本空间或总体(序列或集合类型)中随机取出k个不同元素,返回一个新的列表
random.sample([0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9],2) [5, 4] random.sample([1,1,1,1],2) [1, 1]
元组
tuple,有序的元素组成的集合,使用小括号()表示
元组是不可变的对象
元组的定义
tuple() #空元组 t = tuple() t = () t = tuple(range(1,7,2)) t = (2,4,6,3,4,2) t = (1,) #一个元素的元组定义,必须有逗号 t = (1,)*5 t = (1,2,3)*6
元组通过索引访问
tuple[index] 正负索引不可以超界,否则报异常IndexError
t = (1,2,3,4,5) t[-2] 4 t[6] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- IndexError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-15-d806090743c9> in <module> ----> 1 t[6] IndexError: tuple index out of range
元组不可改变,不支持元素赋值
t[-2] = 5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-16-748d3b852e35> in <module> ----> 1 t[-2] = 5 TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
元组中的列表可以改变
t = (1,2,3,[1,2,3],5) t[-2][0] = 9 t (1, 2, 3, [9, 2, 3], 5)
t = ([1,2],[3,4])*3 t ([1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [3, 4], [1, 2], [3, 4]) t[0][0] = 9 t ([9, 2], [3, 4], [9, 2], [3, 4], [9, 2], [3, 4])
元组查询
index(value,start,stop) #通过元素值value,从指定区间查找元组内的元素是否匹配,匹配第一个就立即返回索引,匹配不到报异常ValueError,时间复杂度O(n)
t = (2,3,4,5,6) t.index(4,0,3) 2
count(value) #返回元组中元素值value匹配次数,时间复杂度O(n)
t = (2,3,4,5,6) t.count(2) 1
len(tuple) #返回元素个数,时间复杂度O(1)
t = (2,3,4,5,6) len(t) 5
命名元组
namedtuple(typename,field_names,verbose=False,rename=False)
定义一个元组的子类,并定义了字段
field_names可以是空白符或者逗号分割的字段的字符串,可以是字段的列表
from collections import namedtuple
# import collections
# collections.namedtuple() #两种导入方法 point = namedtuple('Point',['x','y']) point __main__.Point
定义2个学生
from collections import namedtuple point = namedtuple('student',['name','age']) #多种写法 # point = namedtuple('student','name,age') # point = namedtuple('student','name age') tom = point('tom',17) tom student(name='tom', age=17) jerry = point('jerry',18) jerry student(name='jerry', age=18)